\input texinfo
@set{wmYear} 2003
@set{wmAuthor} Philip Hazel
@set{wmAuthor_email} <ph10@@cus.cam.ac.uk>
@set{COPYRIGHT1} Copyright @copyright{} @value{wmYear} University of Cambridge
@c %**start of header
@setfilename filter.info
@settitle Exim Filter Specification
@paragraphindent 0
@c %**end of header

@titlepage
@title The Exim Mail Transfer Agent
@author @value{wmAuthor}
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the
copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
@sp2
@value{COPYRIGHT1}@*
@end titlepage

@node       Top,       Exim's interfaces to mail filtering, (dir), (dir)
@top
Filtering with the Exim Mail Transfer Agent@*
*******************************************

The specifications of the Exim Mail Transfer Agent's filtering facility is
converted mechanically into Texinfo format from its original marked-up source.
Some typographic representations are changed, chapters and sections cannot be
numbered, and Texinfo lacks the ability to mark updated parts of the
specification with change bars.

Because the chapters and sections are unnumbered, cross references are set to
their names. This makes the English a bit odd, with phrases like `see section
"Multiple personal mailboxes"' but it seemed very cumbersome to change this to
`see the section entitled "Multiple personal mailboxes"' each time.

@menu
* Exim's interfaces to mail filtering::
* Forwarding and filtering in Exim::
* Sieve filter files::
* Exim filter files::
@end menu

@node Exim's interfaces to mail filtering, Forwarding and filtering in Exim, Top, Top
@chapter Exim's interfaces to mail filtering
Exim is a mail transfer agent for Unix-like systems. This document describes
the user interfaces to its in-built mail filtering facilities, and is copyright
(c) University of Cambridge 2004. It corresponds to Exim version 4.40.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------@*




@node Forwarding and filtering in Exim, Sieve filter files, Exim's interfaces to mail filtering, Top
@chapter Forwarding and filtering in Exim



@sp 2
@menu
* Introduction::
* Testing a new filter file::
* Installing a filter file::
* Testing an installed filter file::
* Details of filtering commands::
@end menu

@node Introduction, Testing a new filter file, Forwarding and filtering in Exim, Forwarding and filtering in Exim
@section Introduction

Most Unix mail transfer agents (programs that deliver mail) permit individual
users to specify automatic forwarding of their mail, usually by placing a list
of forwarding addresses in a file called @file{.forward} in their home directories.
Exim extends this facility by allowing the forwarding instructions to be a set
of rules rather than just a list of addresses, in effect providing `@file{.forward}
with conditions'. Operating the set of rules is called filtering, and the
file that contains them is called a filter file.

Exim supports two different kinds of filter file. An @dfn{Exim filter} contains 
instructions in a format that is unique to Exim. A @dfn{Sieve filter} contains 
instructions in the Sieve format that is defined by RFC 3028. As this is a
standard format, Sieve filter files may already be familiar to some users.
Sieve files should also be portable between different environments. However,
the Exim filtering facility contains more features (such as variable
expansion), and better integration with the host environment (such as the use
of external processes and pipes).

The choice of which kind of filter to use can be left to the end-user, provided 
that the system administrator has configured Exim appropriately for both kinds 
of filter. However, if interoperability is important, Sieve is the only
choice.

The ability to use filtering or traditional forwarding has to be enabled by the
system administrator, and some of the individual facilities can be separately
enabled or disabled. A local document should be provided to describe exactly
what has been enabled. In the absence of this, consult your system
administrator.

It is important to realize that, in Exim, no deliveries are actually made while
a filter or traditional @file{.forward} file is being processed. The result of
such processing is a list of destinations to which a message should be
delivered -- the deliveries themselves take place later, along with all other
deliveries for the message. This means that it is not possible to test for
successful deliveries while filtering. It also means that any duplicate
addresses that are generated are dropped, since Exim never delivers the same 
message to the same address more than once.

This document describes how to use a filter file and the format of its
contents. It is intended for use by end-users. Both Sieve filters and Exim
filters are covered. However, for Sieve filters, only issues that relate to the
Exim implementation are discussed, since Sieve itself is described elsewhere.

The contents of traditional @file{.forward} files are not described here. They
normally contain just a list of addresses, file names, or pipe commands,
separated by commas or newlines, but other types of item are also available.
The full details can be found in the chapter on the @dfn{redirect} router in the
Exim specification, which also describes how the system administrator can set
up and control the use of filtering.

@node Testing a new filter file, Installing a filter file, Introduction, Forwarding and filtering in Exim
@section Testing a new filter file

Filter files, especially the more complicated ones, should always be tested, as
it is easy to make mistakes. Exim provides a facility for preliminary testing
of a filter file before installing it. This tests the syntax of the file and
its basic operation, and can also be used with traditional @file{.forward} files.

Because a filter can do tests on the content of messages, a test message is
required. Suppose you have a new filter file called @file{myfilter} and a test
message called @file{test-message}. Assuming that Exim is installed with the
conventional path name @file{/usr/sbin/sendmail} (some operating systems use
@file{/usr/lib/sendmail}), the following command can be used:
@example

/usr/sbin/sendmail -bf myfilter <test-message
@end example

The -bf option tells Exim that the following item on the command line is the
name of a filter file that is to be tested. There is also a -bF option,
which is similar, but which is used for testing system filter files, as opposed
to user filter files, and which is therefore of use only to the system
administrator.

The test message is supplied on the standard input. If there are no
message-dependent tests in the filter, an empty file (@file{/dev/null}) can be
used. A supplied message must start with header lines or the `From' message
separator line which is found in many multi-message folder files. Note that
blank lines at the start terminate the header lines. A warning is given if no
header lines are read.

The result of running this command, provided no errors are detected in the
filter file, is a list of the actions that Exim would try to take if presented
with the message for real.
For example, for an Exim filter, the output
@example

Deliver message to: gulliver@@lilliput.fict.example
Save message to: /home/lemuel/mail/archive
@end example

means that one copy of the message would be sent to
@dfn{gulliver@@lilliput.fict.example}, and another would be added to the file
@file{/home/lemuel/mail/archive}, if all went well.

The actions themselves are not attempted while testing a filter file in this
way; there is no check, for example, that any forwarding addresses are valid.
For an Exim filter, 
if you want to know why a particular action is being taken, add the -v
option to the command. This causes Exim to output the results of any
conditional tests and to indent its output according to the depth of nesting of
@file{if} commands. Further additional output from a filter test can be generated
by the @file{testprint} command, which is described below.

When Exim is outputting a list of the actions it would take, if any text
strings are included in the output, non-printing characters therein are
converted to escape sequences. In particular, if any text string contains a
newline character, this is shown as `\n' in the testing output.

When testing a filter in this way, Exim makes up an `envelope' for the message.
The recipient is by default the user running the command, and so is the sender,
but the command can be run with the -f option to supply a different sender.
For example,
@example

/usr/sbin/sendmail -bf myfilter -f islington@@never.where <test-message
@end example

Alternatively, if the -f option is not used, but the first line of the
supplied message is a `From' separator from a message folder file (not the same
thing as a @file{From:} header line), the sender is taken from there. If -f is
present, the contents of any `From' line are ignored.

The `return path' is the same as the envelope sender, unless the message
contains a @file{Return-path:} header, in which case it is taken from there. You
need not worry about any of this unless you want to test out features of a
filter file that rely on the sender address or the return path.

It is possible to change the envelope recipient by specifying further options.
The -bfd option changes the domain of the recipient address, while the
-bfl option changes the `local part', that is, the part before the @@ sign.
An adviser could make use of these to test someone else's filter file.

The -bfp and -bfs options specify the prefix or suffix for the local part.
These are relevant only when support for multiple personal mailboxes is
implemented; see the description in section "Multiple personal mailboxes" in chapter "Exim filter files" below.

@node Installing a filter file, Testing an installed filter file, Testing a new filter file, Forwarding and filtering in Exim
@section Installing a filter file

A filter file is normally installed under the name @file{.forward} in your home
directory -- it is distinguished from a conventional @file{.forward} file by its
first line (described below). However, the file name is configurable, and some
system administrators may choose to use some different name or location for
filter files.

@node Testing an installed filter file, Details of filtering commands, Installing a filter file, Forwarding and filtering in Exim
@section Testing an installed filter file

Testing a filter file before installation cannot find every potential problem;
for example, it does not actually run commands to which messages are piped.
Some `live' tests should therefore also be done once a filter is installed.

If at all possible, test your filter file by sending messages from some other
account. If you send a message to yourself from the filtered account, and
delivery fails, the error message will be sent back to the same account, which
may cause another delivery failure. It won't cause an infinite sequence of such
messages, because delivery failure messages do not themselves generate further
messages. However, it does mean that the failure won't be returned to you, and
also that the postmaster will have to investigate the stuck message.

If you have to test an Exim filter from the same account, a sensible precaution
is to include the line
@example

if error_message then finish endif
@end example

as the first filter command, at least while testing. This causes filtering to
be abandoned for a delivery failure message, and since no destinations are
generated, the message goes on to be delivered to the original address. Unless
there is a good reason for not doing so, it is recommended that the above test
be left in all Exim filter files. 
(This does not apply to Sieve files.)


@node Details of filtering commands, , Testing an installed filter file, Forwarding and filtering in Exim
@section Details of filtering commands

The filtering commands for Sieve and Exim filters are completely different in
syntax and semantics. The Sieve mechanism is defined in RFC 3028; in the next
chapter we describe how it is integrated into Exim. The subsequent chapter
covers Exim filtering commands in detail.


@node Sieve filter files, Exim filter files, Forwarding and filtering in Exim, Top
@chapter Sieve filter files
The code for Sieve filtering in Exim was contributed by Michael Haardt, and
most of the content of this chapter is taken from the notes he provided. Since
Sieve is a extensible language, it is important to understand `Sieve' in this
context as `the specific implementation of Sieve for Exim'. 

This chapter does not contain a description of Sieve, since that can be found
in RFC 3028, which should be read in conjunction with these notes.

The Exim Sieve implementation offers the core as defined by RFC 3028, the
@dfn{envelope} and the @dfn{fileinto} extensions, but not the @dfn{reject} extension.
Exim does not support message delivery notifications (MDNs), so adding it just
to the Sieve filter (as required for @dfn{reject}) makes little sense.

In order for Sieve to work properly in Exim, the system administrator needs to 
make some adjustments to the Exim configuration. These are described in the 
chapter on the @dfn{redirect} router in the full Exim specification.


@sp 2
@menu
* Recognition of Sieve filters::
* Saving to specified folders::
* Strings containing header names::
* Exists test with empty list of headers::
* Header test with invalid MIME encoding in header::
* Address test for multiple addresses per header::
* Semantics of keep::
* Semantics of fileinto::
* Semantics of redirect::
* String arguments::
* Number units::
* RFC compliance::
@end menu

@node Recognition of Sieve filters, Saving to specified folders, Sieve filter files, Sieve filter files
@section Recognition of Sieve filters

A filter file is interpreted as a Sieve filter if its first line is
@example

# Sieve filter
@end example

This is what distinguishes it from a conventional @file{.forward} file or an Exim 
filter file.


@node Saving to specified folders, Strings containing header names, Recognition of Sieve filters, Sieve filter files
@section Saving to specified folders

If the system administrator has set things up as suggested in the Exim
specification, and you use @dfn{keep} or @dfn{fileinto} to save a mail into a
folder, absolute files are stored where specified, relative files are stored
relative to $home, and @dfn{inbox} goes to the standard mailbox location.


@node Strings containing header names, Exists test with empty list of headers, Saving to specified folders, Sieve filter files
@section Strings containing header names

RFC 3028 does not specify what happens if a string denoting a header field does
not contain a valid header name, for example, it contains a colon. This
implementation generates an error instead of ignoring the header field in order
to ease script debugging, which fits in the common picture of Sieve.


@node Exists test with empty list of headers, Header test with invalid MIME encoding in header, Strings containing header names, Sieve filter files
@section Exists test with empty list of headers

The @dfn{exists} test succeeds only if all specified headers exist. RFC 3028
does not explicitly specify what happens on an empty list of headers. This
implementation evaluates that condition as true, interpreting the RFC in a
strict sense.


@node Header test with invalid MIME encoding in header, Address test for multiple addresses per header, Exists test with empty list of headers, Sieve filter files
@section Header test with invalid MIME encoding in header

Some MUAs process invalid base64 encoded data, generating junk.
Others ignore junk after seeing an equal sign in base64 encoded data.
RFC 2047 does not specify how to react in this case, other than stating
that a client must not forbid to process a message for that reason.
RFC 2045 specifies that invalid data should be ignored (apparently
looking at end of line characters). It also specifies that invalid data
may lead to rejecting messages containing them (and there it appears to
talk about true encoding violations), which is a clear contradiction to
ignoring them.

RFC 3028 does not specify how to process incorrect MIME words.
This implementation treats them literally, as it does if the word is
correct but its character set cannot be converted to UTF-8.


@node Address test for multiple addresses per header, Semantics of keep, Header test with invalid MIME encoding in header, Sieve filter files
@section Address test for multiple addresses per header

A header may contain multiple addresses. RFC 3028 does not explicitly
specify how to deal with them, but since the address test checks if
anything matches anything else, matching one address suffices to
satisfy the condition. That makes it impossible to test if a header
contains a certain set of addresses and no more, but it is more logical
than letting the test fail if the header contains an additional address
besides the one the test checks for.


@node Semantics of keep, Semantics of fileinto, Address test for multiple addresses per header, Sieve filter files
@section Semantics of keep

The @dfn{keep} command is equivalent to 
@example

fileinto "inbox";
@end example

It saves the message and resets the implicit keep flag. It does not set the
implicit keep flag; there is no command to set it once it has been reset.


@node Semantics of fileinto, Semantics of redirect, Semantics of keep, Sieve filter files
@section Semantics of fileinto

RFC 3028 does not specify whether @dfn{fileinto} should try to create a mail folder
if it does not exist. This implementation allows the sysadmin to configure that
aspect using the @dfn{appendfile} transport options @dfn{create_directory},
@dfn{create_file}, and @dfn{file_must_exist}. See the @dfn{appendfile} transport in
the Exim specification for details.


@node Semantics of redirect, String arguments, Semantics of fileinto, Sieve filter files
@section Semantics of redirect

Sieve scripts are supposed to be interoperable between servers, so this
implementation does not allow mail to be redirected to unqualified addresses,
because the domain would depend on the system being used. On systems with
virtual mail domains, the default domain is probably not what the user expects
it to be.


@node String arguments, Number units, Semantics of redirect, Sieve filter files
@section String arguments

There has been confusion if the string arguments to @dfn{require} are to be
matched case-sensitively or not. This implementation matches them with
the match type @file{:is} (default, see section 2.7.1) and the comparator
@file{i;ascii-casemap} (default, see section 2.7.3). The RFC defines the
command defaults clearly, so any different implementations violate RFC
3028. The same is valid for comparator names, also specified as strings.


@node Number units, RFC compliance, String arguments, Sieve filter files
@section Number units

There is a mistake in RFC 3028: the suffix G denotes gibi-, not tebibyte.
The mistake is obvious, because RFC 3028 specifies G to denote 2^30
(which is gibi, not tebi), and that is what this implementation uses as
scaling factor for the suffix G.


@node RFC compliance, , Number units, Sieve filter files
@section RFC compliance

Exim requires the first line of a Sieve filter to be 
@example

# Sieve filter
@end example

Of course the RFC does not specify that line. Do not expect examples to work
without adding it, though.

RFC 3028 requires the use of CRLF to terminate a line.
The rationale was that CRLF is universally used in network protocols
to mark the end of the line. This implementation does not embed Sieve
in a network protocol, but uses Sieve scripts as part of the Exim MTA.
Since all parts of Exim use LF as newline character, this implementation
does, too, by default, though the system administrator may choose (at Exim 
compile time) to use CRLF instead.

Exim violates RFC 2822, section 3.6.8, by accepting 8-bit header names, so
this implementation repeats this violation to stay consistent with Exim.
This is in preparation to UTF-8 data.

Sieve scripts cannot contain NUL characters in strings, but mail
headers could contain MIME encoded NUL characters, which could never
be matched by Sieve scripts using exact comparisons.  For that reason,
this implementation extends the Sieve quoted string syntax with \0
to describe a NUL character, violating \0 being the same as 0 in
RFC 3028.  Even without using \0, the following tests are all true in
this implementation. Implementations that use C-style strings will only
evaluate the first test as true.
@example

Subject: =?iso-8859-1?q?abc=00def

header :contains "Subject" ["abc"]
header :contains "Subject" ["def"]
header :matches "Subject" ["abc?def"]
@end example


Note that by considering Sieve to be a MUA, RFC 2047 can be interpreted
in a way that NUL characters truncating strings is allowed for Sieve
implementations, although not recommended. It is further allowed to use
encoded NUL characters in headers, but that's not recommended either.
The above example shows why.

RFC 3028 states that if an implementation fails to convert a character
set to UTF-8, two strings cannot be equal if one contains octets greater
than 127. Assuming that all unknown character sets are one-byte character
sets with the lower 128 octets being US-ASCII is not sound, so this
implementation violates RFC 3028 and treats such MIME words literally.
That way at least something could be matched.

The folder specified by @dfn{fileinto} must not contain the character
sequence @file{..} to avoid security problems. RFC 3028 does not specify the
syntax of folders apart from @dfn{keep} being equivalent to 
@example

fileinto "INBOX";
@end example

This implementation uses @file{inbox} instead.

Sieve script errors currently cause messages to be silently filed into
@file{inbox}.  RFC 3028 requires that the user is notified of that condition.
This may be implemented in future by adding a header line to mails that
are filed into @file{inbox} due to an error in the filter.


@node Exim filter files, , Sieve filter files, Top
@chapter Exim filter files
This chapter contains a full description of the contents of Exim filter files.


@sp 2
@menu
* Format of Exim filter files::
* Data values in filter commands::
* String expansion::
* Some useful general variables::
* Header variables::
* User variables::
* Current directory::
* Significant deliveries::
* Filter commands::
* The add command::
* The deliver command::
* The save command::
* The pipe command::
* Mail commands::
* Logging commands::
* The finish command::
* The testprint command::
* The fail command::
* The freeze command::
* The headers command::
* Obeying commands conditionally::
* String testing conditions::
* Numeric testing conditions::
* Testing for significant deliveries::
* Testing for error messages::
* Testing for personal mail::
* Testing delivery status::
* Testing a list of addresses::
* Multiple personal mailboxes::
* Ignoring delivery errors::
* Examples of Exim filter commands::
@end menu

@node Format of Exim filter files, Data values in filter commands, Exim filter files, Exim filter files
@section Format of Exim filter files

Apart from leading white space, the first text in a filter file must be
@example

# Exim filter
@end example

This is what distinguishes it from a conventional @file{.forward} file or a Sieve 
filter file. If the file does not have this initial line (or the equivalent for 
a Sieve filter), it is treated as a
conventional @file{.forward} file, both when delivering mail and when using the
-bf testing mechanism. The white space in the line is optional, and any
capitalization may be used. Further text on the same line is treated as a
comment. For example, you could have
@example

#   Exim filter   <<== do not edit or remove this line!
@end example

The remainder of the file is a sequence of filtering commands, which consist of
keywords and data values. For example, in the command
@example

deliver gulliver@@lilliput.fict.example
@end example

the keyword is @file{deliver} and the data value is
@file{gulliver@@lilliput.fict.example}.
White space or line breaks separate the components of a command, except in the
case of conditions for the @file{if} command, where round brackets (parentheses)
also act as separators. Complete commands are separated from each other by
white space or line breaks; there are no special terminators. Thus, several
commands may appear on one line, or one command may be spread over a number of
lines.

If the character # follows a separator anywhere in a command, everything from
# up to the next newline is ignored. This provides a way of including comments
in a filter file.

@node Data values in filter commands, String expansion, Format of Exim filter files, Exim filter files
@section Data values in filter commands

There are two ways in which a data value can be input:

@itemize @bullet

@item
If the text contains no white space then it can be typed verbatim. However, if
it is part of a condition, it must also be free of round brackets
(parentheses), as these are used for grouping in conditions.

@item
Otherwise, it must be enclosed in double quotation marks. In this case, the
character \ (backslash) is treated as an `escape character' within the string,
causing the following character or characters to be treated specially:
@display

\n       is replaced by a newline
\r       is replaced by a carriage return
\t       is replaced by a tab
@end display

Backslash followed by up to three octal digits is replaced by the character
specified by those digits, and \x followed by up to two hexadecimal digits is
treated similarly. Backslash followed by any other character is replaced
by the second character, so that in particular, \" becomes " and \\ becomes
\. A data item enclosed in double quotes can be continued onto the next line
by ending the first line with a backslash. Any leading white space at the start
of the continuation line is ignored.
@end itemize

In addition to the escape character processing that occurs when strings are
enclosed in quotes, most data values are also subject to string expansion
(as described in the next section), in which case the characters @dfn{$} and @dfn{\}
are also significant. This means that if a single backslash is actually
required in such a string, and the string is also quoted, \\\\ has to be
entered.

The maximum permitted length of a data string, before expansion, is 1024 
characters.


@node String expansion, Some useful general variables, Data values in filter commands, Exim filter files
@section String expansion

Most data values are expanded before use. Expansion consists of replacing
substrings beginning with @file{$} with other text. The full expansion facilities
available in Exim are extensive. If you want to know everything that Exim can
do with strings, you should consult the chapter on string expansion in the Exim
documentation.

In filter files, by far the most common use of string expansion is the
substitution of the contents of a variable. For example, the substring
@example

$reply_address
@end example

is replaced by the address to which replies to the message should be sent. If
such a variable name is followed by a letter or digit or underscore, it must be
enclosed in curly brackets (braces), for example,
@example

$@{reply_address@}
@end example

If a @file{$} character is actually required in an expanded string, it must be
escaped with a backslash, and because backslash is also an escape character in
quoted input strings, it must be doubled in that case. The following two
examples illustrate two different ways of testing for a @file{$} character in a
message:
@example

if $message_body contains \$ then ...
if $message_body contains "\\$" then ...
@end example

You can prevent part of a string from being expanded by enclosing it between
two occurrences of @file{\N}. For example,
@example

if $message_body contains \N$$$$\N then ...
@end example

tests for a run of four dollar characters.

@node Some useful general variables, Header variables, String expansion, Exim filter files
@section Some useful general variables

A complete list of the available variables is given in the Exim documentation.
This shortened list contains the ones that are most likely to be useful in
personal filter files:

$body_linecount: The number of lines in the body of the message.

$home: In conventional configurations, this variable normally contains the
user's home directory. The system administrator can, however, change this.

$local_part: The part of the email address that precedes the @@ sign --
normally the user's login name. If support for multiple personal mailboxes is
enabled (see section "Multiple personal mailboxes" below) and a prefix or suffix for the local
part was recognized, it is removed from the string in this variable.

$local_part_prefix: If support for multiple personal mailboxes is enabled
(see section "Multiple personal mailboxes" below), and a local part prefix was recognized,
this variable contains the prefix. Otherwise it contains an empty string.

$local_part_suffix: If support for multiple personal mailboxes is enabled
(see section "Multiple personal mailboxes" below), and a local part suffix was recognized,
this variable contains the suffix. Otherwise it contains an empty string.

$message_body: The initial portion of the body of the message. By default,
up to 500 characters are read into this variable, but the system administrator
can configure this to some other value. Newlines in the body are converted into
single spaces.

$message_body_end: The final portion of the body of the message, formatted
and limited in the same way as $message_body.

$message_body_size: The size of the body of the message, in bytes.

$message_headers: The header lines of the message, concatenated into a
single string, with newline characters between them.

$message_id: The message's local identification string, which is unique for
each message handled by a single host.

$message_size: The size of the entire message, in bytes.

$original_local_part: When an address that arrived with the message is
being processed, this contains the same value as the variable $local_part.
However, if an address generated by an alias, forward, or filter file is being
processed, this variable contains the local part of the original address.

$reply_address: The contents of the @file{Reply-to:} header, if the message
has one; otherwise the contents of the @file{From:} header. It is the address to
which normal replies to the message should be sent.

$return_path: The return path -- that is, the sender field that will be
transmitted as part of the message's envelope if the message is sent to another
host. This is the address to which delivery errors are sent. In many cases,
this variable has the same value as $sender_address, but if, for example,
an incoming message to a mailing list has been expanded, $return_path may
have been changed to contain the address of the list maintainer.

$sender_address: The sender address that was received in the envelope of
the message. This is not necessarily the same as the contents of the @file{From:}
or @file{Sender:} header lines. For delivery error messages (`bounce messages')
there is no sender address, and this variable is empty.

$tod_full: A full version of the time and date, for example: Wed, 18 Oct
1995 09:51:40 +0100. The timezone is always given as a numerical offset from
GMT.

$tod_log: The time and date in the format used for writing Exim's log files,
without the timezone, for example: 1995-10-12 15:32:29.

$tod_zone: The local timezone offset, for example: +0100.


@node Header variables, User variables, Some useful general variables, Exim filter files
@section Header variables

There is a special set of expansion variables containing the header lines of
the message being processed. These variables have names beginning with
@file{$header_} followed by the name of the header line, terminated by a colon.
For example,
@example

$header_from:
$header_subject:
@end example

The whole item, including the terminating colon, is replaced by the contents of
the message header line. If there is more than one header line with the same
name, their contents are concatenated. For header lines whose data consists of
a list of addresses (for example, @dfn{From:} and @dfn{To:}), a comma and newline is
inserted between each set of data. For all other header lines, just a newline
is used.

Leading and trailing white space is removed from header line data, and if there 
are any MIME `words' that are encoded as defined by RFC 2047 (because they
contain non-ASCII characters), they are decoded and translated, if possible, to
a local character set. Translation is attempted only on operating systems that 
have the @dfn{iconv()} function. This makes the header line look the same as it
would when displayed by an MUA. The default character set is ISO-8859-1, but
this can be changed by means of the @file{headers} command (see below).

If you want to see the actual characters that make up a header line, you can
specify @file{$rheader_} instead of @file{$header_}. This inserts the `raw'
header line, unmodified.

There is also an intermediate form, requested by @file{$bheader_}, which removes 
leading and trailing space and decodes MIME `words', but does not do any 
character translation. If an attempt to decode what looks superficially like a 
MIME `word' fails, the raw string is returned. If decoding produces a binary 
zero character, it is replaced by a question mark.

The capitalization of the name following @file{$header_} is not significant.
Because any printing character except colon may appear in the name of a
message's header (this is a requirement of RFC 2822, the document that
describes the format of a mail message) curly brackets must not be used in
this case, as they will be taken as part of the header name. Two shortcuts are
allowed in naming header variables:

@itemize @bullet

@item
The initiating @file{$header_}, @file{$rheader_}, or @file{$bheader_} can be
abbreviated to @file{$h_}, @file{$rh_}, or @file{$bh_}, respectively.

@item
The terminating colon can be omitted if the next character is white space. The
white space character is retained in the expanded string. However, this is not
recommended, because it makes it easy to forget the colon when it really is
needed.
@end itemize

If the message does not contain a header of the given name, an empty string is
substituted. Thus it is important to spell the names of headers correctly. Do
not use @file{$header_Reply_to} when you really mean @file{$header_Reply-to}.

@node User variables, Current directory, Header variables, Exim filter files
@section User variables

There are ten user variables with names $n0 -- $n9 that can be
incremented by the @file{add} command (see section "The add command"). These can be used
for `scoring' messages in various ways. If Exim is configured to run a `system
filter' on every message, the values left in these variables are copied into
the variables $sn0 -- $sn9 at the end of the system filter, thus making
them available to users' filter files. How these values are used is entirely up
to the individual installation.

@node Current directory, Significant deliveries, User variables, Exim filter files
@section Current directory

The contents of your filter file should not make any assumptions about the
current directory. It is best to use absolute paths for file names; you
can normally make use of the $home variable to refer to your home directory.
The @dfn{save} command automatically inserts $home at the start of non-absolute 
paths.



@node Significant deliveries, Filter commands, Current directory, Exim filter files
@section Significant deliveries

When in the course of delivery a message is processed by a filter file, what
happens next, that is, after the whole filter file has been processed, depends
on whether the filter has set up any significant deliveries or not. If
there is at least one significant delivery, the filter is considered to
have handled the entire delivery arrangements for the current address, and no
further processing of the address takes place. If, however, no significant
deliveries have been set up, Exim continues processing the current address as
if there were no filter file, and typically sets up a delivery of a copy of the
message into a local mailbox. In particular, this happens in the special case
of a filter file containing only comments.

The delivery commands @file{deliver}, @file{save}, and @file{pipe} are by default
significant. However, if such a command is preceded by the word @file{unseen}, its
delivery is not considered to be significant. In contrast, other commands such
as @file{mail} and @file{vacation} do not count as significant deliveries unless
preceded by the word @file{seen}.


@node Filter commands, The add command, Significant deliveries, Exim filter files
@section Filter commands

The filter commands which are described in subsequent sections are listed
below, with the section in which they are described in brackets:
@display

@dfn{add}              increment a user variable (section "The add command")
@dfn{deliver}          deliver to an email address (section "The deliver command")
@dfn{fail}             force delivery failure (sysadmin use) (section "The fail command")
@dfn{finish}           end processing (section "The finish command")
@dfn{freeze}           freeze message (sysadmin use) (section "The freeze command")
@dfn{headers}          set the header character set (section "The headers command")
@dfn{if}               test condition(s) (section "Obeying commands conditionally")
@dfn{logfile}          define log file (section "Logging commands")
@dfn{logwrite}         write to log file (section "Logging commands")
@dfn{mail}             send a reply message (section "Mail commands")
@dfn{pipe}             pipe to a command (section "The pipe command")
@dfn{save}             save to a file (section "The save command")
@dfn{testprint}        print while testing (section "The testprint command")
@dfn{vacation}         tailored form of @dfn{mail} (section "Mail commands")
@end display

In addition, when Exim's filtering facilities are being used as a system
filter, the @file{fail}, @file{freeze}, and @file{headers} commands are available.
However, since they are usable only by the system administrator and not by
ordinary users, they are described in the main Exim specification rather than
in this document.

@node The add command, The deliver command, Filter commands, Exim filter files
@section The add command

@example

     add <number> to <user variable>
e.g. add 2 to n3
@end example

There are 10 user variables of this type, and their values can be obtained by
the normal expansion syntax (for example $n3) in other commands. At the
start of filtering, these variables all contain zero. Both arguments of the
@file{add} command are expanded before use, making it possible to add variables to
each other. Subtraction can be obtained by adding negative numbers.


@node The deliver command, The save command, The add command, Exim filter files
@section The deliver command

@example

     deliver <mail address>
e.g. deliver "Dr Livingstone <David@@somewhere.africa.example>"
@end example

This provides a forwarding operation. The message is sent on to the given
address, exactly as happens if the address had appeared in a traditional
@file{.forward} file. If you want to deliver the message to a number of different
addresses, you can use more than one @file{deliver} command (each one may have
only one address). However, duplicate addresses are discarded.

To deliver a copy of the message to your normal mailbox, your login name can be
given as the address. Once an address has been processed by the filtering
mechanism, an identical generated address will not be so processed again, so
doing this does not cause a loop.

However, if you have a mail alias, you should not refer to it here. For
example, if the mail address @file{L.Gulliver} is aliased to @file{lg103} then all
references in Gulliver's @file{.forward} file should be to @file{lg103}. A reference
to the alias will not work for messages that are addressed to that alias,
since, like @file{.forward} file processing, aliasing is performed only once on an
address, in order to avoid looping.

Following the new address, an optional second address, preceded by
@file{errors_to} may appear. This changes the address to which delivery errors on
the forwarded message will be sent. Instead of going to the message's original
sender, they go to this new address. For ordinary users, the only value that is
permitted for this address is the user whose filter file is being processed.
For example, the user @file{lg103} whose mailbox is in the domain
@dfn{lilliput.example} could have a filter file that contains
@example

     deliver jon@@elsewhere.example errors_to lg103@@lilliput.example
@end example

Clearly, using this feature makes sense only in situations where not all
messages are being forwarded. In particular, bounce messages must not be
forwarded in this way, as this is likely to create a mail loop if something
goes wrong.


@node The save command, The pipe command, The deliver command, Exim filter files
@section The save command

@example

     save <file name>
e.g. save $home/mail/bookfolder
@end example

This causes a copy of the message to be appended to the given file (that is,
the file is used as a mail folder). More than one @file{save} command may appear;
each one causes a copy of the message to be written to its argument file,
provided they are different (duplicate @file{save} commands are ignored).

If the file name does not start with a / character, the contents of the
$home variable are prepended, unless it is empty. In conventional
configurations, this variable is normally set in a user filter to the user's
home directory, but the system administrator may set it to some other path. In
some configurations, $home may be unset, in which case a non-absolute path
name may be generated. Such configurations convert this to an absolute path
when the delivery takes place. In a system filter, $home is never set.

The user must of course have permission to write to the file, and the writing
of the file takes place in a process that is running as the user, under the
user's primary group. Any secondary groups to which the user may belong are not
normally taken into account, though the system administrator can configure Exim
to set them up. In addition, the ability to use this command at all is
controlled by the system administrator -- it may be forbidden on some systems.

An optional mode value may be given after the file name. The value for the mode
is interpreted as an octal number, even if it does not begin with a zero. For
example:
@example

     save /some/folder 640
@end example

This makes it possible for users to override the system-wide mode setting for
file deliveries, which is normally 600. If an existing file does not have the
correct mode, it is changed.

An alternative form of delivery may be enabled on your system, in which each
message is delivered into a new file in a given directory. If this is the case,
this functionality can be requested by giving the directory name terminated by
a slash after the @file{save} command, for example
@example

    save separated/messages/
@end example

There are several different formats for such deliveries; check with your system
administrator or local documentation to find out which (if any) are available
on your system. If this functionality is not enabled, the use of a path name
ending in a slash causes an error.


@node The pipe command, Mail commands, The save command, Exim filter files
@section The pipe command

@example

     pipe <command>
e.g. pipe "$home/bin/countmail $sender_address"
@end example

This command sets up delivery to a specified command using a pipe. Remember,
however, that no deliveries are done while the filter is being processed. All
deliveries happen later on. Therefore, the result of running the pipe is not
available to the filter.

When the deliveries are done, a separate process is run, and a copy of the
message is passed on its standard input. The process runs as the user, under
the user's primary group. Any secondary groups to which the user may belong are
not normally taken into account, though the system administrator can configure
Exim to set them up. More than one @file{pipe} command may appear; each one causes
a copy of the message to be written to its argument pipe, provided they are
different (duplicate @file{pipe} commands are ignored).

When the time comes to transport the message, 
the command supplied to @file{pipe} is split up by Exim into a command name and a
number of arguments. These are delimited by white space except for arguments
enclosed in double quotes, in which case backslash is interpreted as an escape,
or in single quotes, in which case no escaping is recognized. Note that as the
whole command is normally supplied in double quotes, a second level of quoting
is required for internal double quotes. For example:
@example

     pipe "$home/myscript \"size is $message_size\""
@end example

String expansion is performed on the separate components after the line has
been split up, and the command is then run directly by Exim; it is not run
under a shell. Therefore, substitution cannot change the number of arguments,
nor can quotes, backslashes or other shell metacharacters in variables cause
confusion.

Documentation for some programs that are normally run via this kind of pipe
often suggest that the command should start with
@example

IFS=" "
@end example

This is a shell command, and should not be present in Exim filter files,
since it does not normally run the command under a shell.

However, there is an option that the administrator can set to cause a shell to
be used. In this case, the entire command is expanded as a single string and
passed to the shell for interpretation. It is recommended that this be avoided
if at all possible, since it can lead to problems when inserted variables
contain shell metacharacters.

The default @sc{path} set up for the command is determined by the system
administrator, usually containing at least @dfn{/usr/bin} so that common commands
are available without having to specify an absolute file name. However, it is
possible for the system administrator to restrict the pipe facility so that the
command name must not contain any / characters, and must be found in one of the
directories in the configured @sc{path}. It is also possible for the system
administrator to lock out the use of the @file{pipe} command altogether.

When the command is run, a number of environment variables are set up. The
complete list for pipe deliveries may be found in the Exim reference manual.
Those that may be useful for pipe deliveries from user filter files are:
@example

DOMAIN                 the domain of the address
HOME                   your home directory
LOCAL_PART             see below
LOCAL_PART_PREFIX      see below
LOCAL_PART_SUFFIX      see below
LOGNAME                your login name
MESSAGE_ID             the message's unique id
PATH                   the command search path
RECIPIENT              the complete recipient address
SENDER                 the sender of the message
SHELL                  /bin/sh
USER                   see below
@end example

@sc{local_part}, @sc{logname}, and @sc{user} are all set to the same value,
namely, your login id. @sc{local_part_prefix} and @sc{local_part_suffix} may
be set if Exim is configured to recognize prefixes or suffixes in the local
parts of addresses. For example, a message addressed to
@dfn{pat-suf2@@domain.example} may cause user @dfn{pat}'s filter file to be run. If
this sets up a pipe delivery, @sc{local_part_suffix} is @file{-suf2} when the
pipe command runs. The system administrator has to configure Exim specially for
this feature to be available.

If you run a command that is a shell script, be very careful in your use of
data from the incoming message in the commands in your script. RFC 2822 is very
generous in the characters that are legally permitted to appear in mail
addresses, and in particular, an address may begin with a vertical bar or a
slash. For this reason you should always use quotes round any arguments that
involve data from the message, like this:
@example

/some/command '$SENDER'
@end example

so that inserted shell meta-characters do not cause unwanted effects.

Remember that, as was explained earlier, the pipe command is not run at the
time the filter file is interpreted. The filter just defines what deliveries
are required for one particular addressee of a message. The deliveries
themselves happen later, once Exim has decided everything that needs to be done
for the message.

A consequence of this is that you cannot inspect the return code from the pipe
command from within the filter. Nevertheless, the code returned by the command
is important, because Exim uses it to decide whether the delivery has succeeded
or failed.

The command should return a zero completion code if all has gone well. Most
non-zero codes are treated by Exim as indicating a failure of the pipe. This is
treated as a delivery failure, causing the message to be returned to its
sender. However, there are some completion codes which are treated as temporary
errors. The message remains on Exim's spool disk, and the delivery is tried
again later, though it will ultimately time out if the delivery failures go on
too long. The completion codes to which this applies can be specified by the
system administrator; the default values are 73 and 75.

The pipe command should not normally write anything to its standard output or
standard error file descriptors. If it does, whatever is written is normally
returned to the sender of the message as a delivery error, though this action
can be varied by the system administrator.


@node Mail commands, Logging commands, The pipe command, Exim filter files
@section Mail commands

There are two commands which cause the creation of a new mail message, neither
of which count as a significant delivery unless the command is preceded by the
word @file{seen}. This is a powerful facility, but it should be used with care,
because of the danger of creating infinite sequences of messages. The system
administrator can forbid the use of these commands altogether.

To help prevent runaway message sequences, these commands have no effect when
the incoming message is a delivery error message, and messages sent by this
means are treated as if they were reporting delivery errors. Thus they should
never themselves cause a delivery error message to be returned. The basic
mail-sending command is
@example

     mail [to <address-list>]
          [cc <address-list>]
          [bcc <address-list>]
          [from <address>]
          [reply_to <address>]
          [subject <text>]
          [extra_headers <text>]
          [text <text>]
          [[expand] file <filename>]
          [return message]
          [log <log file name>]
          [once <note file name>]
          [once_repeat <time interval>]
@sp 1
e.g. mail text "Your message about $h_subject: has been received"
@end example


Each <address-list> can contain a number of addresses, separated by commas, 
in the format of a @dfn{To:} or @dfn{Cc:} header line. In fact, the text you supply 
here is copied exactly into the appropriate header line. Thus, it may contain 
additional information as well as email addresses. For example:
@example

mail to "Julius Caesar <jc@@rome.example>, \
         <ma@@rome.example> (Mark A.)"
@end example

Similarly, the texts supplied for @dfn{From:} and @dfn{Reply-to:} are copied into 
their respective header lines.

As a convenience for use in one common case, there is also a command called
@dfn{vacation}. It behaves in the same way as @dfn{mail}, except that the defaults for
the 
@file{subject},
@file{file}, @file{log}, @file{once}, and @file{once_repeat} options are
@example

subject "On vacation"
expand file .vacation.msg
log  .vacation.log
once .vacation
once_repeat 7d
@end example

respectively. These are the same file names and repeat period used by the
traditional Unix @file{vacation} command. The defaults can be overridden by
explicit settings, but if a file name is given its contents are expanded only
if explicitly requested. 

Warning: The @file{vacation} command should always be used conditionally,
subject to at least the @file{personal} condition (see section "Testing for personal mail"
below) so as not to send automatic replies to non-personal messages from
mailing lists or elsewhere. Sending an automatic response to a mailing list or 
a mailing list manager is an Internet Sin.

For both commands, the key/value argument pairs can appear in any order. At
least one of @file{text} or @file{file} must appear (except with @file{vacation}); if
both are present, the text string appears first in the message. If @file{expand}
precedes @file{file}, each line of the file is subject to string expansion as
it is included in the message.

Several lines of text can be supplied to @file{text} by including the escape
sequence `\n' in the string where newlines are required. If the command is
output during filter file testing, newlines in the text are shown as `\n'.

Note that the keyword for creating a @file{Reply-To:} header is @dfn{reply_to},
because Exim keywords may contain underscores, but not hyphens. If the @file{from}
keyword is present and the given address does not match the user who owns the
forward file, Exim normally adds a @file{Sender:} header to the message,
though it can be configured not to do this.

The @dfn{extra_headers} keyword allows you to add custom header lines to the
message. The text supplied must be one or more syntactically valid RFC 2882
header lines. You can use `\n' within quoted text to specify newlines between
headers, and also to define continued header lines. For example:
@example

extra_headers "h1: first\nh2: second\n continued\nh3: third"
@end example

No newline should appear at the end of the final header line.

If no @file{to} argument appears, the message is sent to the address in the
@file{$reply_address} variable (see section "String expansion" above).
An @file{In-Reply-To:} header is automatically included in the created message,
giving a reference to the message identification of the incoming message.

If @file{return message} is specified, the incoming message that caused the filter
file to be run is added to the end of the message, subject to a maximum size
limitation.

If a log file is specified, a line is added to it for each message sent.

If a @file{once} file is specified, it is used to hold a database for remembering
who has received a message, and no more than one message is ever sent to any
particular address, unless @file{once_repeat} is set. This specifies a time
interval after which another copy of the message is sent. The interval is
specified as a sequence of numbers, each followed by the initial letter of one
of `seconds', `minutes', `hours', `days', or `weeks'. For example,
@example

once_repeat 5d4h
@end example

causes a new message to be sent if 5 days and 4 hours have elapsed since the
last one was sent. There must be no white space in a time interval.

Commonly, the file name specified for @file{once} is used as the base name for
direct-access (DBM) file operations. There are a number of different DBM
libraries in existence. Some operating systems provide one as a default, but
even in this case a different one may have been used when building Exim. With
some DBM libraries, specifying @file{once} results in two files being created,
with the suffixes @file{.dir} and @file{.pag} being added to the given name. With
some others a single file with the suffix @file{.db} is used, or the name is used
unchanged.

Using a DBM file for implementing the @file{once} feature means that the file
grows as large as necessary. This is not usually a problem, but some system
administrators want to put a limit on it. The facility can be configured not to
use a DBM file, but instead, to use a regular file with a maximum size. The
data in such a file is searched sequentially, and if the file fills up, the
oldest entry is deleted to make way for a new one. This means that some
correspondents may receive a second copy of the message after an unpredictable
interval. Consult your local information to see if your system is configured
this way.

More than one @file{mail} or @file{vacation} command may be obeyed in a single filter
run; they are all honoured, even when they are to the same recipient.


@node Logging commands, The finish command, Mail commands, Exim filter files
@section Logging commands

A log can be kept of actions taken by a filter file. This facility is normally
available in conventional configurations, but there are some situations where
it might not be. Also, the system administrator may choose to disable it. Check
your local information if in doubt.

Logging takes place while the filter file is being interpreted. It does not
queue up for later like the delivery commands. The reason for this is so that a
log file need be opened only once for several write operations. There are two
commands, neither of which constitutes a significant delivery. The first
defines a file to which logging output is subsequently written:
@example

     logfile <file name>
e.g. logfile $home/filter.log
@end example

The file name must be fully qualified. You can use $home, as in this
example, to refer to your home directory. The file name may optionally be
followed by a mode for the file, which is used if the file has to be created.
For example,
@example

     logfile $home/filter.log 0644
@end example

The number is interpreted as octal, even if it does not begin with a zero.
The default for the mode is 600. It is suggested that the @file{logfile} command
normally appear as the first command in a filter file. Once @file{logfile} has
been obeyed, the @file{logwrite} command can be used to write to the log file:
@example

     logwrite "<some text string>"
e.g. logwrite "$tod_log $message_id processed"
@end example

It is possible to have more than one @file{logfile} command, to specify writing to
different log files in different circumstances. Writing takes place at the end
of the file, and a newline character is added to the end of each string if
there isn't one already there. Newlines can be put in the middle of the string
by using the `\n' escape sequence. Lines from simultaneous deliveries may get
interleaved in the file, as there is no interlocking, so you should plan your
logging with this in mind. However, data should not get lost.


@node The finish command, The testprint command, Logging commands, Exim filter files
@section The finish command

The command @file{finish}, which has no arguments, causes Exim to stop
interpreting the filter file. This is not a significant action unless preceded
by @file{seen}. A filter file containing only @file{seen finish} is a black hole.

@node The testprint command, The fail command, The finish command, Exim filter files
@section The testprint command

It is sometimes helpful to be able to print out the values of variables when
testing filter files. The command
@example

     testprint <text>
e.g. testprint "home=$home reply_address=$reply_address"
@end example

does nothing when mail is being delivered. However, when the filtering code is
being tested by means of the -bf option (see section "Testing a new filter file" in chapter "Forwarding and filtering in Exim" above),
the value of the string is written to the standard output.

@node The fail command, The freeze command, The testprint command, Exim filter files
@section The fail command

When Exim's filtering facilities are being used as a system filter, the
@file{fail} command is available, to force delivery failure. Because this command
is normally usable only by the system administrator, and not enabled for use by
ordinary users, it is described in more detail in the main Exim specification
rather than in this document.

@node The freeze command, The headers command, The fail command, Exim filter files
@section The freeze command

When Exim's filtering facilities are being used as a system filter, the
@file{freeze} command is available, to freeze a message on the queue. Because this
command is normally usable only by the system administrator, and not enabled
for use by ordinary users, it is described in more detail in the main Exim
specification rather than in this document.


@node The headers command, Obeying commands conditionally, The freeze command, Exim filter files
@section The headers command

The @file{headers} command can be used to change the target character set which is 
used when translating the contents of encoded header lines for insertion by the
@file{$header_} mechanism (see section "Header variables" above). The default
can be set in the Exim configuration; if not specified, ISO-8859-1 is used. The
only currently supported format for the @file{headers} command is as in this
example:
@example

headers charset "UTF-8"
@end example

That is, @file{headers} is followed by the word @file{charset} and then the name of a
character set. This particular example would be useful if you wanted to compare
the contents of a header to a UTF-8 string.


@node Obeying commands conditionally, String testing conditions, The headers command, Exim filter files
@section Obeying commands conditionally

Most of the power of filtering comes from the ability to test conditions and
obey different commands depending on the outcome. The @file{if} command is used to
specify conditional execution, and its general form is
@example

if    <condition>
then  <commands>
elif  <condition>
then  <commands>
else  <commands>
endif
@end example

There may be any number of @file{elif} and @file{then} sections (including none) and
the @file{else} section is also optional. Any number of commands, including nested
@file{if} commands, may appear in any of the <commands> sections.

Conditions can be combined by using the words @file{and} and @file{or}, and round
brackets (parentheses) can be used to specify how several conditions are to
combine. Without brackets, @file{and} is more binding than @file{or}.
For example,
@example

if
  $h_subject: contains "Make money" or
  $h_precedence: is "junk" or
  ($h_sender: matches ^\\d@{8@}@@ and not personal) or
  $message_body contains "this is spam"
then
  seen finish
endif
@end example

A condition can be preceded by @file{not} to negate it, and there are also some
negative forms of condition that are more English-like.



@node String testing conditions, Numeric testing conditions, Obeying commands conditionally, Exim filter files
@section String testing conditions

There are a number of conditions that operate on text strings, using the words
`begins', `ends', `is', `contains' and `matches'.

Note that if you want to apply the same test to more than one header line, you 
can easily concatenate them into a single string for testing, as in this 
example:
@example

if "$h_to:, $h_cc:" contains me@@domain.example then ...
@end example


If any of the condition names are written in lower case, the testing of letters
is done without regard to case; if they are written in upper case (for example,
`CONTAINS') then the case of letters is significant.
@example

     <text1> begins <text2>
     <text1> does not begin <text2>
e.g. $header_from: begins "Friend@@"
@end example

A `begins' test checks for the presence of the second string at the start of
the first, both strings having been expanded.
@example

     <text1> ends <text2>
     <text1> does not end <text2>
e.g. $header_from: ends "public.com.example"
@end example

An `ends' test checks for the presence of the second string at the end of
the first, both strings having been expanded.
@example

     <text1> is <text2>
     <text1> is not <text2>
e.g. $local_part_suffix is "-foo"
@end example

An `is' test does an exact match between the strings, having first expanded
both strings.
@example

     <text1> contains <text2>
     <text1> does not contain <text2>
e.g. $header_subject: contains "evolution"
@end example

A `contains' test does a partial string match, having expanded both strings.
@example

     <text1> matches <text2>
     <text1> does not match <text2>
e.g. $sender_address matches "(bill|john)@@"
@end example

For a `matches' test, after expansion of both strings, the second one is
interpreted as a regular expression. Exim uses the PCRE regular expression
library, which provides regular expressions that are compatible with Perl.

The match succeeds if the regular expression matches any part of the first 
string. If you want a regular expression to match only at the start or end of
the subject string, you must encode that requirement explicitly, using the ^
or $ metacharacters. The above example, which is not so constrained, matches
all these addresses:
@example

bill@@test.example
john@@some.example
spoonbill@@example.com
littlejohn@@example.com
@end example

To match only the first two, you could use this:
@example

if $sender_address matches "^(bill|john)@@" then ...
@end example


Care must be taken if you need a backslash in a regular expression, because
backslashes are interpreted as escape characters both by the string expansion
code and by Exim's normal processing of strings in quotes. For example, if you
want to test the sender address for a domain ending in @file{.com} the regular
expression is
@example

\.com$
@end example

The backslash and dollar sign in that expression have to be escaped when used
in a filter command, as otherwise they would be interpreted by the expansion
code. Thus what you actually write is
@example

if $sender_address matches \\.com\$
@end example

An alternative way of handling this is to make use of the @file{\N} expansion
flag for suppressing expansion:
@example

if $sender_address matches \N\.com$\N
@end example

Everything between the two occurrences of @file{\N} is copied without change by
the string expander (and in fact you do not need the final one, because it is
at the end of the string).

If the regular expression is given in quotes (mandatory only if it contains
white space) you have to write either
@example

if $sender_address matches "\\\\.com\\$"
@end example

or
@example

if $sender_address matches "\\N\\.com$\\N"
@end example



If the regular expression contains bracketed sub-expressions, numeric
variable substitutions such as $1 can be used in the subsequent actions
after a successful match. If the match fails, the values of the numeric
variables remain unchanged. Previous values are not restored after @file{endif} --
in other words, only one set of values is ever available. If the condition
contains several sub-conditions connected by @file{and} or @file{or}, it is the
strings extracted from the last successful match that are available in
subsequent actions. Numeric variables from any one sub-condition are also
available for use in subsequent sub-conditions, since string expansion of a
condition occurs just before it is tested.

@node Numeric testing conditions, Testing for significant deliveries, String testing conditions, Exim filter files
@section Numeric testing conditions

The following conditions are available for performing numerical tests:
@example

     <number1> is above <number2>
     <number1> is not above <number2>
     <number1> is below <number2>
     <number1> is not below <number2>
e.g. $message_size is not above 10k
@end example

The <number> arguments must expand to strings of digits, optionally followed
by one of the letters K or M (upper case or lower case) which cause
multiplication by 1024 and 1024x1024 respectively.

@node Testing for significant deliveries, Testing for error messages, Numeric testing conditions, Exim filter files
@section Testing for significant deliveries

Whether or not any previously obeyed filter commands have resulted in a
significant delivery can be tested by the condition @file{delivered}, for example:
@example

if not delivered then save mail/anomalous endif
@end example


@node Testing for error messages, Testing for personal mail, Testing for significant deliveries, Exim filter files
@section Testing for error messages

The condition @file{error_message} is true if the incoming message is a mail
delivery error message (bounce message). Putting the command
@example

if error_message then finish endif
@end example

at the head of your filter file is a useful insurance against things going
wrong in such a way that you cannot receive delivery error reports, and is
highly recommended. Note that @file{error_message} is a condition, not an
expansion variable, and therefore is not preceded by @dfn{$}.

@node Testing for personal mail, Testing delivery status, Testing for error messages, Exim filter files
@section Testing for personal mail

A common requirement is to distinguish between incoming personal mail and mail
from a mailing list,
or from a robot or other automatic process (for example, a bounce message).
In particular, this test is normally required for so-called `vacation
messages'. The condition
@example

     personal
@end example

is a shorthand for
@example

     not error_message and
     $header_to: contains "$local_part@@$domain" and
     $header_from: does not contain "$local_part@@$domain" and
     $header_from: does not contain "server@@" and
     $header_from: does not contain "daemon@@" and
     $header_from: does not contain "root@@" and
     $header_auto-submitted: does not contain "auto-" and
     $header_subject: does not contain "circular" and
     $header_precedence: does not contain "bulk" and
     $header_precedence: does not contain "list" and
     $header_precedence: does not contain "junk"
@end example

The variable $local_part contains the local part of the mail address of
the user whose filter file is being run -- it is normally your login id. The
$domain variable contains the mail domain. This condition tests for the
appearance of the current user in the @file{To:} header, checks that the sender is
not the current user or one of a number of common daemons, and checks the
content of the @file{Subject:} and @file{Precedence:} headers.

If prefixes or suffixes are in use for local parts -- something which depends
on the configuration of Exim (see section "Multiple personal mailboxes" below) -- the first two
tests above are also done with
@example

$local_part_prefix$local_part$local_part_suffix
@end example

instead of just $local_part. If the system is configured to rewrite local
parts of mail addresses, for example, to rewrite `dag46' as `Dirk.Gently',
the rewritten form of the address is also used in the tests.

This example shows the use of @file{personal} in a filter file that is sending out
vacation messages:
@example

if personal then
  mail
   to $reply_address
   subject "Re: $h_subject:"
   file $home/vacation/message
   once $home/vacation/once
   once_repeat 10d
endif
@end example


It is quite common for people who have mail accounts on a number of different
systems to forward all their mail to one system, and in this case a check for
personal mail should test all their various mail addresses. To allow for this,
the @file{personal} condition keyword can be followed by
@example

alias <address>
@end example

any number of times, for example
@example

if personal alias smith@@else.where.example
            alias jones@@other.place.example
then ...
@end example

This causes messages containing the alias addresses in any places where the
local address is tested to be treated as personal.

@node Testing delivery status, Testing a list of addresses, Testing for personal mail, Exim filter files
@section Testing delivery status

There are two conditions which are intended mainly for use in system filter
files, but which are available in users' filter files as well. The condition
@file{first_delivery} is true if this is the first attempt to deliver the
message, and false otherwise. 
This indicator is not reset until the first delivery process successfully 
terminates; if there is a crash or a power failure (for example), the next 
delivery attempt is also a `first delivery'.

In a user filter file it will be false only if
there was previously an error in the filter, or if a delivery for the user
failed owing to, for example, a quota error, or forwarding to a remote
address that was deferred for some reason.

The condition @file{manually_thawed} is true only if the message was `frozen' for
some reason, and was subsequently released by the system administrator. It is
unlikely to be of use in users' filter files.

@node Testing a list of addresses, Multiple personal mailboxes, Testing delivery status, Exim filter files
@section Testing a list of addresses

There is a facility for looping through a list of addresses and applying a
condition to each of them. It takes the form
@example

foranyaddress <string> (<condition>)
@end example

where <string> is interpreted as a list of RFC 2822 addresses, as in a
typical header line, and <condition> is any valid filter condition or
combination of conditions. The `group' syntax that is defined for certain
header lines that contain addresses is supported.

The parentheses surrounding the condition are mandatory, to delimit it from
possible further sub-conditions of the enclosing @file{if} command. Within the
condition, the expansion variable $thisaddress is set to the non-comment
portion of each of the addresses in the string in turn. For example, if the
string is
@example

B.Simpson <bart@@sfld.example>, lisa@@sfld.example (his sister)
@end example

then $thisaddress would take on the values @file{bart@@sfld.example} and
@file{lisa@@sfld.example} in turn.

If there are no valid addresses in the list, the whole condition is false. If
the internal condition is true for any one address, the overall condition is
true and the loop ends. If the internal condition is false for all addresses in
the list, the overall condition is false. This example tests for the presence
of an eight-digit local part in any address in a @dfn{To:} header:
@example

if foranyaddress $h_to: ( $thisaddress matches ^\\d@{8@}@@ ) then ...
@end example

When the overall condition is true, the value of $thisaddress in the
commands that follow @file{then} is the last value it took on inside the loop. At
the end of the @file{if} command, the value of $thisaddress is reset to what it
was before. It is best to avoid the use of multiple occurrences of
@file{foranyaddress}, nested or otherwise, in a single @file{if} command, if the
value of $thisaddress is to be used afterwards, because it isn't always
clear what the value will be. Nested @file{if} commands should be used instead.

Header lines can be joined together if a check is to be applied to more than
one of them. For example:
@example

if foranyaddress $h_to:,$h_cc: ....
@end example

scans through the addresses in both the @dfn{To:} and the @dfn{Cc:} headers.

@node Multiple personal mailboxes, Ignoring delivery errors, Testing a list of addresses, Exim filter files
@section Multiple personal mailboxes

The system administrator can configure Exim so that users can set up variants
on their email addresses and handle them separately. Consult your system
administrator or local documentation to see if this facility is enabled on your
system, and if so, what the details are.

The facility involves the use of a prefix or a suffix on an email address. For
example, all mail addressed to @dfn{lg103-<something>} would be the property of
user @dfn{lg103}, who could determine how it was to be handled, depending on the
value of <something>.

There are two possible ways in which this can be set up. The first possibility
is the use of multiple @file{.forward} files. In this case, mail to @dfn{lg103-foo},
for example, is handled by looking for a file called @dfn{.forward-foo} in
@dfn{lg103's} home directory. If such a file does not exist, delivery fails and the
message is returned to its sender.

The alternative approach is to pass all messages through a single @file{.forward}
file, which must be a filter file in order to distinguish between the different
cases by referencing the variables $local_part_prefix or
$local_part_suffix, as in the final example in section "Examples of Exim filter commands" below. If
the filter file does not handle a prefixed or suffixed address, delivery fails
and the message is returned to its sender.

It is possible to configure Exim to support both schemes at once. In this case,
a specific @dfn{.forward-foo} file is first sought; if it is not found, the basic
@file{.forward} file is used.

The @file{personal} test (see section "Testing for personal mail") includes prefixes and
suffixes in its checking.


@node Ignoring delivery errors, Examples of Exim filter commands, Multiple personal mailboxes, Exim filter files
@section Ignoring delivery errors

As was explained above, filtering just sets up addresses for delivery -- no
deliveries are actually done while a filter file is active. If any of the
generated addresses subsequently suffers a delivery failure, an error message
is generated in the normal way. However, if the filter command which sets up a
delivery is preceded by the word @file{noerror}, errors for that delivery,
and any deliveries consequent on it (that is, from alias, forwarding, or
filter files it invokes) are ignored.


@node Examples of Exim filter commands, , Ignoring delivery errors, Exim filter files
@section Examples of Exim filter commands

Simple forwarding:
@example

# Exim filter
deliver baggins@@rivendell.middle-earth.example
@end example

Vacation handling using traditional means, assuming that the @dfn{.vacation.msg}
and other files have been set up in your home directory:
@example

# Exim filter
unseen pipe "/usr/ucb/vacation \"$local_part\""
@end example

Vacation handling inside Exim, having first created a file called
@dfn{.vacation.msg} in your home directory:
@example

# Exim filter
if personal then vacation endif
@end example

File some messages by subject:
@example

# Exim filter
if $header_subject: contains "empire" or
   $header_subject: contains "foundation"
then
   save $home/mail/f+e
endif
@end example

Save all non-urgent messages by weekday:
@example

# Exim filter
if $header_subject: does not contain "urgent" and
   $tod_full matches "^(...),"
then
  save $home/mail/$1
endif
@end example

Throw away all mail from one site, except from postmaster:
@example

# Exim filter
if $reply_address contains "@@spam.site.example" and
   $reply_address does not contain "postmaster@@"
then
   seen finish
endif
@end example

Handle multiple personal mailboxes
@example

# Exim filter
if $local_part_suffix is "-foo"
then
  save $home/mail/foo
elif $local_part_suffix is "-bar"
then
  save $home/mail/bar
endif
@end example


@contents
@bye
