c
c
c     ###################################################
c     ##  COPYRIGHT (C)  1990  by  Jay William Ponder  ##
c     ##              All Rights Reserved              ##
c     ###################################################
c
c     ###############################################################
c     ##                                                           ##
c     ##  subroutine ebuck3  --  Buckingham vdw energy & analysis  ##
c     ##                                                           ##
c     ###############################################################
c
c
c     "ebuck3" calculates the Buckingham exp-6 van der Waals energy
c     and partitions the energy among the atoms
c
c
      subroutine ebuck3
      implicit none
      include 'sizes.i'
      include 'cutoff.i'
      include 'iounit.i'
      include 'warp.i'
c
c
c     choose double loop, method of lights or smoothing version
c
      if (use_stophat) then
         write (iout,10)
   10    format (/,' EBUCK3  --  Stophat Smoothing not Available',
     &              ' for Buckingham vdw Potential')
         call fatal
      else if (use_smooth) then
         call ebuck3c
      else if (use_lights) then
         call ebuck3b
      else
         call ebuck3a
      end if
      return
      end
c
c
c     ###############################################################
c     ##                                                           ##
c     ##  subroutine ebuck3a  --  double loop Buckingham analysis  ##
c     ##                                                           ##
c     ###############################################################
c
c
c     "ebuck3a" calculates the Buckingham exp-6 van der Waals
c     energy and partitions the energy among the atoms using
c     a pairwise double loop
c
c
      subroutine ebuck3a
      implicit none
      include 'sizes.i'
      include 'action.i'
      include 'analyz.i'
      include 'atmtyp.i'
      include 'atoms.i'
      include 'bound.i'
      include 'cell.i'
      include 'couple.i'
      include 'energi.i'
      include 'group.i'
      include 'inform.i'
      include 'inter.i'
      include 'iounit.i'
      include 'molcul.i'
      include 'shunt.i'
      include 'usage.i'
      include 'vdw.i'
      include 'vdwpot.i'
      integer i,j,k,ii,kk
      integer iv,kv,it,kt
      integer iv14(maxatm)
      real*8 e,rv,eps,rdn
      real*8 p,p2,p6,p12,fgrp
      real*8 xi,yi,zi,xr,yr,zr
      real*8 rik,rik2,rik3
      real*8 rik4,rik5,taper
      real*8 expcut,expcut2
      real*8 expterm,expmerge
      real*8 xred(maxatm)
      real*8 yred(maxatm)
      real*8 zred(maxatm)
      real*8 vscale(maxatm)
      logical proceed,iuse
      logical header,huge
c
c
c     zero out the van der Waals energy and partitioning terms
c
      nev = 0
      ev = 0.0d0
      do i = 1, n
         aev(i) = 0.0d0
      end do
      header = .true.
c
c     zero out the array marking 1-4 vdw interactions
c
      do i = 1, n
         iv14(i) = 0
      end do
c
c     set the coefficients for the switching function
c
      call switch ('VDW')
c
c     switch from exponential to R^12 at very short range
c
      expcut = 2.0d0
      expcut2 = expcut * expcut
      expmerge = (abuck*exp(-bbuck/expcut) - cbuck*(expcut**6))
     &                               / (expcut**12)
c
c     apply any reduction factor to the atomic coordinates
c
      do k = 1, nvdw
         i = ivdw(k)
         iv = ired(i)
         rdn = kred(i)
         xred(i) = rdn*(x(i)-x(iv)) + x(iv)
         yred(i) = rdn*(y(i)-y(iv)) + y(iv)
         zred(i) = rdn*(z(i)-z(iv)) + z(iv)
      end do
c
c     find the van der Waals energy via double loop search
c
      do ii = 1, nvdw-1
         i = ivdw(ii)
         iv = ired(i)
         it = class(i)
         xi = xred(i)
         yi = yred(i)
         zi = zred(i)
         iuse = (use(i) .or. use(iv))
         do j = ii+1, nvdw
            vscale(ivdw(j)) = 1.0d0
         end do
         do j = 1, n12(i)
            vscale(i12(j,i)) = v2scale
         end do
         do j = 1, n13(i)
            vscale(i13(j,i)) = v3scale
         end do
         do j = 1, n14(i)
            vscale(i14(j,i)) = v4scale
            iv14(i14(j,i)) = i
         end do
         do j = 1, n15(i)
            vscale(i15(j,i)) = v5scale
         end do
c
c     decide whether to compute the current interaction
c
         do kk = ii+1, nvdw
            k = ivdw(kk)
            kv = ired(k)
            proceed = .true.
            if (use_group)  call groups (proceed,fgrp,i,k,0,0,0,0)
            if (proceed)  proceed = (iuse .or. use(k) .or. use(kv))
            if (proceed)  proceed = (vscale(k) .ne. 0.0d0)
c
c     compute the energy contribution for this interaction
c
            if (proceed) then
               kt = class(k)
               xr = xi - xred(k)
               yr = yi - yred(k)
               zr = zi - zred(k)
               if (use_image)  call image (xr,yr,zr,0)
               rik2 = xr*xr + yr*yr + zr*zr
c
c     check for an interaction distance less than the cutoff
c
               if (rik2 .le. off2) then
                  rv = radmin(kt,it)
                  eps = epsilon(kt,it)
                  if (iv14(k) .eq. i) then
                     rv = radmin4(kt,it)
                     eps = epsilon4(kt,it)
                  end if
                  eps = eps * vscale(k)
                  p2 = (rv*rv) / rik2
                  p6 = p2 * p2 * p2
                  if (p2 .le. expcut2) then
                     p = sqrt(p2)
                     expterm = abuck * exp(-bbuck/p)
                     e = eps * (expterm - cbuck*p6)
                  else
                     p12 = p6 * p6
                     e = expmerge * eps * p12
                  end if
c
c     use energy switching if near the cutoff distance
c
                  if (rik2 .gt. cut2) then
                     rik = sqrt(rik2)
                     rik3 = rik2 * rik
                     rik4 = rik2 * rik2
                     rik5 = rik2 * rik3
                     taper = c5*rik5 + c4*rik4 + c3*rik3
     &                          + c2*rik2 + c1*rik + c0
                     e = e * taper
                  end if
c
c     scale the interaction based on its group membership
c
                  if (use_group)  e = e * fgrp
c
c     increment the overall van der Waals energy components
c
                  nev = nev + 1
                  ev = ev + e
                  aev(i) = aev(i) + 0.5d0*e
                  aev(k) = aev(k) + 0.5d0*e
c
c     increment the total intermolecular energy
c
                  if (molcule(i) .ne. molcule(k)) then
                     einter = einter + e
                  end if
c
c     print a message if the energy of this interaction is large
c
                  huge = (e .gt. 10.0d0)
                  if (debug .or. (verbose.and.huge)) then
                     if (header) then
                        header = .false.
                        write (iout,10)
   10                   format (/,' Individual van der Waals',
     &                             ' Interactions :',
     &                          //,' Type',13x,'Atom Names',
     &                             18x,'Minimum',4x,'Actual',
     &                             6x,'Energy',/)
                     end if
                     write (iout,20)  i,name(i),k,name(k),
     &                                rv,sqrt(rik2),e
   20                format (' VDW-Buck',3x,i5,'-',a3,1x,i5,
     &                          '-',a3,12x,2f10.4,f12.4)
                  end if
               end if
            end if
         end do
      end do
c
c     for periodic boundary conditions with large cutoffs
c     neighbors must be found by the replicates method
c
      if (.not. use_replica)  return
c
c     calculate interaction energy with other unit cells
c
      do ii = 1, nvdw
         i = ivdw(ii)
         iv = ired(i)
         it = class(i)
         xi = xred(i)
         yi = yred(i)
         zi = zred(i)
         iuse = (use(i) .or. use(iv))
         do j = ii, nvdw
            vscale(ivdw(j)) = 1.0d0
         end do
         do j = 1, n12(i)
            vscale(i12(j,i)) = v2scale
         end do
         do j = 1, n13(i)
            vscale(i13(j,i)) = v3scale
         end do
         do j = 1, n14(i)
            vscale(i14(j,i)) = v4scale
            iv14(i14(j,i)) = i
         end do
         do j = 1, n15(i)
            vscale(i15(j,i)) = v5scale
         end do
c
c     decide whether to compute the current interaction
c
         do kk = ii, nvdw
            k = ivdw(kk)
            kv = ired(k)
            proceed = .true.
            if (use_group)  call groups (proceed,fgrp,i,k,0,0,0,0)
            if (proceed)  proceed = (iuse .or. use(k) .or. use(kv))
c
c     compute the energy contribution for this interaction
c
            if (proceed) then
               kt = class(k)
               do j = 1, ncell
                  xr = xi - xred(k)
                  yr = yi - yred(k)
                  zr = zi - zred(k)
                  call image (xr,yr,zr,j)
                  rik2 = xr*xr + yr*yr + zr*zr
c
c     check for an interaction distance less than the cutoff
c
                  if (rik2 .le. off2) then
                     rv = radmin(kt,it)
                     eps = epsilon(kt,it)
                     if (use_polymer) then
                        if (rik2 .le. polycut2) then
                           if (iv14(k) .eq. i) then
                              rv = radmin4(kt,it)
                              eps = epsilon4(kt,it)
                           end if
                           eps = eps * vscale(k)
                        end if
                     end if
                     p2 = (rv*rv) / rik2
                     p6 = p2 * p2 * p2
                     if (p2 .le. expcut2) then
                        p = sqrt(p2)
                        expterm = abuck * exp(-bbuck/p)
                        e = eps * (expterm - cbuck*p6)
                     else
                        p12 = p6 * p6
                        e = expmerge * eps * p12
                     end if
c
c     use energy switching if near the cutoff distance
c
                     if (rik2 .gt. cut2) then
                        rik = sqrt(rik2)
                        rik3 = rik2 * rik
                        rik4 = rik2 * rik2
                        rik5 = rik2 * rik3
                        taper = c5*rik5 + c4*rik4 + c3*rik3
     &                                + c2*rik2 + c1*rik + c0
                        e = e * taper
                     end if
c
c     scale the interaction based on its group membership
c
                     if (use_group)  e = e * fgrp
c
c     increment the overall van der Waals energy component
c
                     if (e .ne. 0.0d0)  nev = nev + 1
                     if (i .eq. k) then
                        ev = ev + 0.5d0*e
                        aev(i) = aev(i) + 0.5d0*e
                     else
                        ev = ev + e
                        aev(i) = aev(i) + 0.5d0*e
                        aev(k) = aev(k) + 0.5d0*e
                     end if
c
c     increment the total intermolecular energy
c
                     einter = einter + e
c
c     print a message if the energy of this interaction is large
c
                     huge = (e .gt. 10.0d0)
                     if ((debug.and.e.ne.0.0d0)
     &                     .or. (verbose.and.huge)) then
                        if (header) then
                           header = .false.
                           write (iout,30)
   30                      format (/,' Individual van der Waals',
     &                                ' Interactions :',
     &                             //,' Type',13x,'Atom Names',
     &                                18x,'Minimum',4x,'Actual',
     &                                6x,'Energy',/)
                        end if
                        write (iout,40)  i,name(i),k,name(k),
     &                                   rv,sqrt(rik2),e
   40                   format (' VDW-Buck',3x,i5,'-',a3,1x,i5,'-',
     &                             a3,3x,'(XTAL)',3x,2f10.4,f12.4)
                     end if
                  end if
               end do
            end if
         end do
      end do
      return
      end
c
c
c     ##############################################################
c     ##                                                          ##
c     ##  subroutine ebuck3b  --  Buckingham analysis via lights  ##
c     ##                                                          ##
c     ##############################################################
c
c
c     "ebuck3b" calculates the Buckingham exp-6 van der Waals energy
c     and also partitions the energy among the atoms using the method
c     of lights to locate neighboring atoms
c
c
      subroutine ebuck3b
      implicit none
      include 'sizes.i'
      include 'action.i'
      include 'analyz.i'
      include 'atmtyp.i'
      include 'atoms.i'
      include 'bound.i'
      include 'boxes.i'
      include 'cell.i'
      include 'couple.i'
      include 'energi.i'
      include 'group.i'
      include 'inform.i'
      include 'inter.i'
      include 'iounit.i'
      include 'light.i'
      include 'molcul.i'
      include 'shunt.i'
      include 'usage.i'
      include 'vdw.i'
      include 'vdwpot.i'
      integer i,j,k,ii,kk
      integer iv,kv,it,kt
      integer kgy,kgz
      integer start,stop
      integer iv14(maxatm)
      integer map(maxlight)
      real*8 e,rv,eps,rdn
      real*8 p,p2,p6,p12,fgrp
      real*8 xi,yi,zi,xr,yr,zr
      real*8 rik,rik2,rik3
      real*8 rik4,rik5,taper
      real*8 expcut,expcut2
      real*8 expterm,expmerge
      real*8 xred(maxatm)
      real*8 yred(maxatm)
      real*8 zred(maxatm)
      real*8 vscale(maxatm)
      real*8 xsort(maxlight)
      real*8 ysort(maxlight)
      real*8 zsort(maxlight)
      logical proceed,iuse,repeat
      logical header,huge
c
c
c     zero out the van der Waals energy and partitioning terms
c
      nev = 0
      ev = 0.0d0
      do i = 1, n
         aev(i) = 0.0d0
      end do
      header = .true.
c
c     zero out the array marking 1-4 vdw interactions
c
      do i = 1, n
         iv14(i) = 0
      end do
c
c     set the coefficients for the switching function
c
      call switch ('VDW')
c
c     switch from exponential to R^12 at very short range
c
      expcut = 2.0d0
      expcut2 = expcut * expcut
      expmerge = (abuck*exp(-bbuck/expcut) - cbuck*(expcut**6))
     &                               / (expcut**12)
c
c     apply any reduction factor to the atomic coordinates
c
      do j = 1, nvdw
         i = ivdw(j)
         iv = ired(i)
         rdn = kred(i)
         xred(j) = rdn*(x(i)-x(iv)) + x(iv)
         yred(j) = rdn*(y(i)-y(iv)) + y(iv)
         zred(j) = rdn*(z(i)-z(iv)) + z(iv)
      end do
c
c     transfer the interaction site coordinates to sorting arrays
c
      do i = 1, nvdw
         xsort(i) = xred(i)
         ysort(i) = yred(i)
         zsort(i) = zred(i)
      end do
c
c     use the method of lights to generate neighbors
c
      call lights (nvdw,map,xsort,ysort,zsort)
c
c     now, loop over all atoms computing the interactions
c
      do ii = 1, nvdw
         i = ivdw(ii)
         iv = ired(i)
         it = class(i)
         xi = xsort(rgx(ii))
         yi = ysort(rgy(ii))
         zi = zsort(rgz(ii))
         iuse = (use(i) .or. use(iv))
         do j = 1, nvdw
            vscale(ivdw(j)) = 1.0d0
         end do
         do j = 1, n12(i)
            vscale(i12(j,i)) = v2scale
         end do
         do j = 1, n13(i)
            vscale(i13(j,i)) = v3scale
         end do
         do j = 1, n14(i)
            vscale(i14(j,i)) = v4scale
            iv14(i14(j,i)) = i
         end do
         do j = 1, n15(i)
            vscale(i15(j,i)) = v5scale
         end do
         if (kbx(ii) .le. kex(ii)) then
            repeat = .false.
            start = kbx(ii) + 1
            stop = kex(ii)
         else
            repeat = .true.
            start = 1
            stop = kex(ii)
         end if
   10    continue
         do j = start, stop
            kk = locx(j)
            kgy = rgy(kk)
            if (kby(ii) .le. key(ii)) then
               if (kgy.lt.kby(ii) .or. kgy.gt.key(ii))  goto 20
            else
               if (kgy.lt.kby(ii) .and. kgy.gt.key(ii))  goto 20
            end if
            kgz = rgz(kk)
            if (kbz(ii) .le. kez(ii)) then
               if (kgz.lt.kbz(ii) .or. kgz.gt.kez(ii))  goto 20
            else
               if (kgz.lt.kbz(ii) .and. kgz.gt.kez(ii))  goto 20
            end if
            k = ivdw(map(kk))
            kv = ired(k)
c
c     decide whether to compute the current interaction
c
            proceed = .true.
            if (use_group)  call groups (proceed,fgrp,i,k,0,0,0,0)
            if (proceed)  proceed = (iuse .or. use(k) .or. use(kv))
c
c     compute the energy contribution for this interaction
c
            if (proceed) then
               kt = class(k)
               xr = xi - xsort(j)
               yr = yi - ysort(kgy)
               zr = zi - zsort(kgz)
               if (use_image) then
                  if (abs(xr) .gt. xcell2)  xr = xr - sign(xcell,xr)
                  if (abs(yr) .gt. ycell2)  yr = yr - sign(ycell,yr)
                  if (abs(zr) .gt. zcell2)  zr = zr - sign(zcell,zr)
                  if (monoclinic) then
                     xr = xr + zr*beta_cos
                     zr = zr * beta_sin
                  else if (triclinic) then
                     xr = xr + yr*gamma_cos + zr*beta_cos
                     yr = yr*gamma_sin + zr*beta_term
                     zr = zr * gamma_term
                  end if
               end if
               rik2 = xr*xr + yr*yr + zr*zr
c
c     check for an interaction distance less than the cutoff
c
               if (rik2 .le. off2) then
                  rv = radmin(kt,it)
                  eps = epsilon(kt,it)
                  if (iv14(k) .eq. i) then
                     rv = radmin4(kt,it)
                     eps = epsilon4(kt,it)
                  end if
                  eps = eps * vscale(k)
                  p2 = (rv*rv) / rik2
                  p6 = p2 * p2 * p2
                  if (p2 .le. expcut2) then
                     p = sqrt(p2)
                     expterm = abuck * exp(-bbuck/p)
                     e = eps * (expterm - cbuck*p6)
                  else
                     p12 = p6 * p6
                     e = expmerge * eps * p12
                  end if
c
c     use energy switching if near the cutoff distance
c
                  if (rik2 .gt. cut2) then
                     rik = sqrt(rik2)
                     rik3 = rik2 * rik
                     rik4 = rik2 * rik2
                     rik5 = rik2 * rik3
                     taper = c5*rik5 + c4*rik4 + c3*rik3
     &                             + c2*rik2 + c1*rik + c0
                     e = e * taper
                  end if
c
c     scale the interaction based on its group membership
c
                  if (use_group)  e = e * fgrp
c
c     increment the overall van der Waals energy components
c
                  if (e .ne. 0.0d0)  nev = nev + 1
                  ev = ev + e
                  aev(i) = aev(i) + 0.5d0*e
                  aev(k) = aev(k) + 0.5d0*e
c
c     increment the total intermolecular energy
c
                  if (molcule(i) .ne. molcule(k)) then
                     einter = einter + e
                  end if
c
c     print a message if the energy of this interaction is large
c
                  huge = (e .gt. 10.0d0)
                  if ((debug.and.e.ne.0.0d0)
     &                  .or. (verbose.and.huge)) then
                     if (header) then
                        header = .false.
                        write (iout,21)
   21                   format (/,' Individual van der Waals',
     &                             ' Interactions :',
     &                          //,' Type',13x,'Atom Names',
     &                             18x,'Minimum',4x,'Actual',
     &                             6x,'Energy',/)
                     end if
                     write (iout,31)  i,name(i),k,name(k),
     &                                rv,sqrt(rik2),e
   31                format (' VDW-Buck',3x,i5,'-',a3,1x,i5,'-',
     &                          a3,12x,2f10.4,f12.4)
                  end if
               end if
            end if
   20       continue
         end do
         if (repeat) then
            repeat = .false.
            start = kbx(ii) + 1
            stop = nlight
            goto 10
         end if
      end do
      return
      end
c
c
c     #################################################################
c     ##                                                             ##
c     ##  subroutine ebuck3c  --  Buckingham analysis for smoothing  ##
c     ##                                                             ##
c     #################################################################
c
c
c     "ebuck3c" calculates the Buckingham exp-6 van der Waals energy
c     via a Gaussian approximation for potential energy smoothing
c
c
      subroutine ebuck3c
      implicit none
      include 'math.i'
      include 'vdwpot.i'
c
c
c     set coefficients for a two-Gaussian fit to MM2 vdw form
c
      ngauss = 2
      igauss(1,1) = 3423.562d0
      igauss(2,1) = 9.692821d0 * twosix**2
      igauss(1,2) = -6.503760d0
      igauss(2,2) = 1.585344d0 * twosix**2
c
c     compute Gaussian approximation to the Buckingham potential
c
      call egauss3
      return
      end
