CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Languages

| Field Listing - Languages
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Country | Languages (%)
Afghanistan | Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashtu (official) 35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism
Akrotiri | English, Greek
Albania | Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects
Algeria | Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
American Samoa | Samoan 90.6% (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English 2.9%, Tongan 2.4%, other Pacific islander 2.1%, other 2% note: most people are bilingual (2000 census)
Andorra | Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese
Angola | Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages
Anguilla | English (official)
Antigua and Barbuda | English (official), local dialects
Argentina | Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French
Armenia | Armenian 97.7%, Yezidi 1%, Russian 0.9%, other 0.4% (2001 census)
Aruba | Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish
Australia | English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%, unspecified 5.8% (2001 Census)
Austria | German (official nationwide), Slovene (official in Kaernten or Carinthia), Croatian (official in Burgenland), Hungarian (official in Burgenland)
Azerbaijan | Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.)
Bahamas, The | English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)
Bahrain | Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu
Bangladesh | Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English
Barbados | English
Belarus | Belarusian, Russian, other
Belgium | Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)
Belize | English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole
Benin | French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north)
Bermuda | English (official), Portuguese
Bhutan | Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects
Bolivia | Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
Botswana | Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga 7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English 2.1% (official), other 8.6%, unspecified 0.4% (2001 census)
Brazil | Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
British Virgin Islands | English (official)
Brunei | Malay (official), English, Chinese
Bulgaria | Bulgarian 84.5%, Turkish 9.6%, Roma 4.1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
Burkina Faso | French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population
Burma | Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages
Burundi | Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)
Cambodia | Khmer (official) 95%, French, English
Cameroon | 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)
Canada | English (official) 59.3%, French (official) 23.2%, other 17.5%
Cape Verde | Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words)
Cayman Islands | English
Central African Republic | French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages
Chad | French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects
Chile | Spanish
China | Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)
Christmas Island | English (official), Chinese, Malay
Cocos (Keeling) Islands | Malay (Cocos dialect), English
Colombia | Spanish
Comoros | Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba
Congo, Republic of the | French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread)
Cook Islands | English (official), Maori
Costa Rica | Spanish (official), English
Cote d'Ivoire | French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken
Croatia | Croatian 96.1%, Serbian 1%, other and undesignated 2.9% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) (2001 census)
Cuba | Spanish
Cyprus | Greek, Turkish, English
Czech Republic | Czech
Denmark | Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority) note: English is the predominant second language
Dhekelia | English, Greek
Djibouti | French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar
Dominica | English (official), French patois
Dominican Republic | Spanish
East Timor | Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people
Ecuador | Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)
Egypt | Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes
El Salvador | Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)
Equatorial Guinea | Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo
Eritrea | Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages
Estonia | Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census)
Ethiopia | Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools)
European Union | Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish; note - only official languages are listed; Irish (Gaelic) will become the 21st language on 1 January 2007
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) | English
Faroe Islands | Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish
Fiji | English (official), Fijian, Hindustani
Finland | Finnish 92% (official), Swedish 5.6% (official), other 2.4% (small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2003)
France | French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)
French Guiana | French
French Polynesia | French 61.1% (official), Polynesian 31.4% (official), Asian languages 1.2%, other 0.3%, unspecified 6% (2002 census)
Gabon | French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
Gambia, The | English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars
Gaza Strip | Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by many Palestinians), English (widely understood)
Georgia | Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7% note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia
Germany | German
Ghana | English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)
Gibraltar | English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese
Greece | Greek 99% (official), English, French
Greenland | Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English
Grenada | English (official), French patois
Guadeloupe | French (official) 99%, Creole patois
Guam | English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, Philippine languages 22.2%, other Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, other languages 3.5% (2000 census)
Guatemala | Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)
Guernsey | English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts
Guinea | French (official); note - each ethnic group has its own language
Guinea-Bissau | Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages
Guyana | English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu
Haiti | French (official), Creole (official)
Holy See (Vatican City) | Italian, Latin, French, various other languages
Honduras | Spanish, Amerindian dialects
Hong Kong | Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official
Hungary | Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census)
Iceland | Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken
India | English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language
Indonesia | Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
Iran | Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
Iraq | Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
Ireland | English (official) is the language generally used, Irish (official) (Gaelic or Gaeilge) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard
Isle of Man | English, Manx Gaelic
Israel | Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language
Italy | Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)
Jamaica | English, patois English
Japan | Japanese
Jersey | English 94.5% (official), Portuguese 4.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census)
Jordan | Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes
Kazakhstan | Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.)
Kenya | English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages
Kiribati | I-Kiribati, English (official)
Korea, North | Korean
Korea, South | Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school
Kuwait | Arabic (official), English widely spoken
Kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyz (official), Russian (official)
Laos | Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages
Latvia | Latvian (official) 58.2%, Russian 37.5%, Lithuanian and other 4.3% (2000 census)
Lebanon | Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian
Lesotho | Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa
Liberia | English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence
Libya | Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities
Liechtenstein | German (official), Alemannic dialect
Lithuania | Lithuanian (official) 82%, Russian 8%, Polish 5.6%, other and unspecified 4.4% (2001 census)
Luxembourg | Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language)
Macau | Cantonese 87.9%, Hokkien 4.4%, Mandarin 1.6%, other Chinese dialects 3.1%, other 3% (2001 census)
Macedonia | Macedonian 66.5%, Albanian 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census)
Madagascar | French (official), Malagasy (official)
Malawi | Chichewa 57.2% (official), Chinyanja 12.8%, Chiyao 10.1%, Chitumbuka 9.5%, Chisena 2.7%, Chilomwe 2.4%, Chitonga 1.7%, other 3.6% (1998 census)
Malaysia | Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai note: in East Malaysia there are several indigenous languages; most widely spoken are Iban and Kadazan
Maldives | Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials
Mali | French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages
Malta | Maltese (official), English (official)
Marshall Islands | Marshallese 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 census) note: English widely spoken as a second language; both Marshallese and English are official languages
Martinique | French, Creole patois
Mauritania | Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof
Mauritius | Creole 80.5%, Bhojpuri 12.1%, French 3.4%, English (official; spoken by less than 1% of the population), other 3.7%, unspecified 0.3% (2000 census)
Mayotte | Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population
Mexico | Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages
Micronesia, Federated States of | English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi
Moldova | Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
Monaco | French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
Mongolia | Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)
Montserrat | English
Morocco | Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy
Mozambique | Emakhuwa 26.1%, Xichangana 11.3%, Portuguese 8.8% (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language), Elomwe 7.6%, Cisena 6.8%, Echuwabo 5.8%, other Mozambican languages 32%, other foreign languages 0.3%, unspecified 1.3% (1997 census)
Namibia | English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages (Oshivambo, Herero, Nama)
Nauru | Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes
Nepal | Nepali 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5% (2001 census) note: many in government and business also speak English
Netherlands | Dutch (official), Frisian (official)
Netherlands Antilles | Papiamento 65.4% (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect), English 15.9% (widely spoken), Dutch 7.3% (official), Spanish 6.1%, Creole 1.6%, other 1.9%, unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
New Caledonia | French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
New Zealand | English (official), Maori (official)
Nicaragua | Spanish 97.5% (official), Miskito 1.7%, other 0.8% (1995 census) note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast
Niger | French (official), Hausa, Djerma
Nigeria | English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani
Niue | Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English
Norfolk Island | English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian
Northern Mariana Islands | Philippine languages 24.4%, Chinese 23.4%, Chamorro 22.4%, English 10.8%, other Pacific island languages 9.5%, other 9.6% (2000 census)
Norway | Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities; note - Sami is official in six municipalities
Oman | Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects
Pakistan | Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%
Palau | Palauan 64.7% official in all islands except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official), Filipino 13.5%, English 9.4%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%, Japanese 1.5%, other Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% (2000 census)
Panama | Spanish (official), English 14%; note - many Panamanians bilingual
Papua New Guinea | Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region note: 715 indigenous languages - many unrelated
Paraguay | Spanish (official), Guarani (official)
Peru | Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages
Philippines | two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinan
Pitcairn Islands | English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)
Poland | Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)
Portugal | Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used)
Puerto Rico | Spanish, English
Qatar | Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language
Reunion | French (official), Creole widely used
Romania | Romanian (official), Hungarian, German
Russia | Russian, many minority languages
Rwanda | Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers
Saint Helena | English
Saint Kitts and Nevis | English
Saint Lucia | English (official), French patois
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | French (official)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | English, French patois
Samoa | Samoan (Polynesian), English
San Marino | Italian
Sao Tome and Principe | Portuguese (official)
Saudi Arabia | Arabic
Senegal | French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
Serbia and Montenegro | Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%
Seychelles | Creole 91.8%, English 4.9% (official), other 3.1%, unspecified 0.2% (2002 census)
Sierra Leone | English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)
Singapore | Mandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000 census)
Slovakia | Slovak (official) 83.9%, Hungarian 10.7%, Roma 1.8%, Ukrainian 1%, other or unspecified 2.6% (2001 census)
Slovenia | Slovenian 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4% (2002 census)
Solomon Islands | Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population note: 120 indigenous languages
Somalia | Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English
South Africa | IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2% (2001 census)
Spain | Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%; note - Castilian is the official language nationwide; the other languages are official regionally
Sri Lanka | Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population
Sudan | Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English note: program of "Arabization" in process
Suriname | Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese
Svalbard | Norwegian, Russian
Swaziland | English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official)
Sweden | Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Switzerland | German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 20.4%, Italian (official) 6.5%, Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Albanian 1.3%, Portuguese 1.2%, Spanish 1.1%, English 1%, Romansch 0.5%, other 2.8% (2000 census) note: German, French, Italian, and Romansch are all national languages, but only the first three are official languages
Syria | Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood
Taiwan | Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects
Tajikistan | Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
Tanzania | Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages
Thailand | Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects
Togo | French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
Tokelau | Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
Tonga | Tongan, English
Trinidad and Tobago | English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese
Tunisia | Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)
Turkey | Turkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli (or Zaza), Azeri, Kabardian note: there is also a substantial Gagauz population in the Europe part of Turkey
Turkmenistan | Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Turks and Caicos Islands | English (official)
Tuvalu | Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)
Uganda | English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
Ukraine | Ukrainian (official) 67%, Russian 24%; small Romanian-, Polish-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities
United Arab Emirates | Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
United Kingdom | English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)
United States | English 82.1%, Spanish 10.7%, other Indo-European 3.8%, Asian and Pacific island 2.7%, other 0.7% (2000 census)
Uruguay | Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier)
Uzbekistan | Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Vanuatu | local languages (more than 100) 72.6%, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) 23.1%, English 1.9%, French 1.4%, other 0.3%, unspecified 0.7% (1999 Census)
Venezuela | Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
Vietnam | Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Virgin Islands | English 74.7%, Spanish or Spanish Creole 16.8%, French or French Creole 6.6%, other 1.9% (2000 census)
Wallis and Futuna | Wallisian 58.9% (indigenous Polynesian language), Futunian 30.1%, French 10.8%, other 0.2% (2003 census)
West Bank | Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)
Western Sahara | Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
World | Mandarin Chinese 13.69%, Spanish 5.05%, English 4.84%, Hindi 2.82%, Portuguese 2.77%, Bengali 2.68%, Russian 2.27%, Japanese 1.99%, Standard German 1.49%, Wu Chinese 1.21% (2004 est.) note: percents are for "first language" speakers only
Yemen | Arabic
Zambia | English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages
Zimbabwe | English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects
This page was last updated on 29 March, 2006