CIA - The World Factbook -- Botswana

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This page was last updated on 29 March, 2006
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| Introduction | Botswana | Top of Page

Background: | Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name upon independence in 1966. Four decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have created one of the most dynamic economies in Africa. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest known rates of HIV/AIDS infection, but also one of Africa's most progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease.

| Geography | Botswana | Top of Page

Location: | Southern Africa, north of South Africa
Geographic coordinates: | 22 00 S, 24 00 E
Map references: | Africa
Area: | total: 600,370 sq km land: 585,370 sq km water: 15,000 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries: | total: 4,013 km border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km
Coastline: | 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: | none (landlocked)
Climate: | semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Terrain: | predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m
Natural resources: | diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver
Land use: | arable land: 0.65% permanent crops: 0.01% other: 99.34% (2005)
Irrigated land: | 10 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility
Environment - current issues: | overgrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: | landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country

| People | Botswana | Top of Page

Population: | 1,639,833 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2006 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 38.3% (male 319,531/female 309,074) 15-64 years: 57.9% (male 460,692/female 488,577) 65 years and over: 3.8% (male 23,374/female 38,585) (2006 est.)
Median age: | total: 19.4 years male: 18.8 years female: 20 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate: | -0.04% (2006 est.)
Birth rate: | 23.08 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate: | 29.5 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate: | 6.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2006 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 53.7 deaths/1,000 live births male: 54.92 deaths/1,000 live births female: 52.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 33.74 years male: 33.9 years female: 33.56 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 2.79 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 37.3% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 350,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 33,000 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases: | degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria (2005)
Nationality: | noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
Ethnic groups: | Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Religions: | Christian 71.6%, Badimo 6%, other 1.4%, unspecified 0.4%, none 20.6% (2001 census)
Languages: | Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga 7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English 2.1% (official), other 8.6%, unspecified 0.4% (2001 census)
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 79.8% male: 76.9% female: 82.4% (2003 est.)

| Government | Botswana | Top of Page

Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Botswana conventional short form: Botswana former: Bechuanaland
Government type: | parliamentary republic
Capital: | Gaborone
Administrative divisions: | 9 districts and 5 town councils*; Central, Francistown*, Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Jwaneng*, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, Northeast, Northwest, Selebi-Pikwe*, Southeast, Southern
Independence: | 30 September 1966 (from UK)
National holiday: | Independence Day (Botswana Day), 30 September (1966)
Constitution: | March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Legal system: | based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term; election last held 20 October 2004 (next to be held in 2009); vice president appointed by the president election results: Festus G. MOGAE elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 52%
Legislative branch: | bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Chiefs (a largely advisory 15-member body consisting of the chiefs of the 8 principal tribes, 4 elected subchiefs, and 3 members selected by the other 12 members) and the National Assembly (61 seats, 57 members are directly elected by popular vote and 4 are appointed by the majority party; members serve five-year terms) elections: National Assembly elections last held 30 October 2004 (next to be held October 2009) election results: percent of vote by party - BDP 52%, BNF 26%, BCP 17%, other 5%; seats by party - BDP 44, BNF 12, BCP 1
Judicial branch: | High Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrates' Courts (one in each district)
Political parties and leaders: | Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Otlaadisa KOOSALETSE]; Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus G. MOGAE]; Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO] note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats - includes the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the Independence Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA
International organization participation: | ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Lapologang Caesar LEKOA chancery: 1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 244-4990 FAX: [1] (202) 244-4164
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Katherine H. CANAVAN embassy: address NA, Gaborone mailing address: Embassy Enclave, P. O. Box 90, Gaborone telephone: [267] 353982 FAX: [267] 312782
Flag description: | light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center

| Economy | Botswana | Top of Page

Economy - overview: | Botswana has maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates since independence in 1966. Through fiscal discipline and sound management, Botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of $10,000 in 2005. Two major investment services rank Botswana as the best credit risk in Africa. Diamond mining has fueled much of the expansion and currently accounts for more than one-third of GDP and for 70-80% of export earnings. Tourism, financial services, subsistence farming, and cattle raising are other key sectors. On the downside, the government must deal with high rates of unemployment and poverty. Unemployment officially is 23.8%, but unofficial estimates place it closer to 40%. HIV/AIDS infection rates are the second highest in the world and threaten Botswana's impressive economic gains. An expected leveling off in diamond mining production overshadows long-term prospects.
GDP (purchasing power parity): | $16.48 billion (2005 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): | $9.255 billion (2005 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 3.3% (2005 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): | $10,000 (2005 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 2.4% industry: 46.9% (including 36% mining) services: 50.7% (2003 est.)
Labor force: | 288,400 formal sector employees (2004)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Unemployment rate: | 23.8% (2004)
Population below poverty line: | 30.3% (2003)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 63 (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 8.3% (2005 est.)
Investment (gross fixed): | 23.6% of GDP (2005 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $3.766 billion expenditures: $3.767 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.)
Public debt: | 7.3% of GDP (2005 est.)
Agriculture - products: | livestock, sorghum, maize, millet, beans, sunflowers, groundnuts
Industries: | diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock processing; textiles
Industrial production growth rate: | 3.4% (2005 est.)
Electricity - production: | 891 million kWh (2004)
Electricity - consumption: | 2.641 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports: | 1.39 billion kWh (2002)
Oil - production: | 0 bbl/day (2003)
Oil - consumption: | 12,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA bbl/day
Oil - imports: | 16,000 bbl/day (2001)
Natural gas - production: | 0 cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: | 0 cu m (2003 est.)
Current account balance: | $562 million (2005 est.)
Exports: | $3.68 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Exports - commodities: | diamonds, copper, nickel, soda ash, meat, textiles
Exports - partners: | European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 87%, Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 7%, Zimbabwe 4% (2004)
Imports: | $3.37 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Imports - commodities: | foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper products, metal and metal products
Imports - partners: | Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74%, EFTA 17%, Zimbabwe 4% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $6.12 billion (2005 est.)
Debt - external: | $556 million (2005 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: | $73 million (1995)
Currency (code): | pula (BWP)
Exchange rates: | pulas per US dollar - 5.1104 (2005), 4.6929 (2004), 4.9499 (2003), 6.3278 (2002), 5.8412 (2001)
Fiscal year: | 1 April - 31 March

| Communications | Botswana | Top of Page

Telephones - main lines in use: | 136,500 (2004)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 571,400 (2004)
Telephone system: | general assessment: the system is expanding with the growth of mobile cellular service and participation in regional development domestic: small system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and a few radiotelephone communication stations; mobile cellular service is growing fast international: country code - 267; two international exchanges; digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 8, FM 13, shortwave 4 (2001)
Television broadcast stations: | 1 (2001)
Internet country code: | .bw
Internet hosts: | 1,621 (2005)
Internet users: | 60,000 (2002)

| Transportation | Botswana | Top of Page

Airports: | 85 (2005)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2005)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 75 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 55 under 914 m: 17 (2005)
Railways: | total: 888 km narrow gauge: 888 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)
Roadways: | total: 25,233 km paved: 8,867 km unpaved: 16,366 km (2003)

| Military | Botswana | Top of Page

Military branches: | Botswana Defense Force (includes an Air Wing)
Military service age and obligation: | 18 is the apparent age of voluntary military service; the official qualifications for determining minimum age are unknown (2001)
Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 350,649 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 136,322 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males: 21,103 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $325.5 million (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 3.4% (2005 est.)

| Transnational Issues | Botswana | Top of Page

Disputes - international: | commission established with Namibia has yet to resolve small residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana residents protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana has built electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has long supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing their short, but not clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary

This page was last updated on 29 March, 2006