CIA - The World Factbook -- Haiti

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Introduction | Haiti

Background: | The native Arawak Amerindians - who inhabited the island of Hispaniola when it was discovered by Columbus in 1492 - were virtually annihilated by Spanish settlers within 25 years. In the early 17th century, the French established a presence on Hispaniola, and in 1697, Spain ceded to the French the western third of the island, which later became Haiti. The French colony, based on forestry and sugar-related industries, became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean, but only through the heavy importation of African slaves and considerable environmental degradation. In the late 18th century, Haiti's nearly half million slaves revolted under Toussaint L'OUVERTURE. After a prolonged struggle, Haiti became the first black republic to declare its independence in 1804. The poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, Haiti has been plagued by political violence for most of its history. After an armed rebellion led to the departure of President Jean-Betrand ARISTIDE in February 2004, an interim government took office to organize new elections under the auspices of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Continued violence and technical delays have prompted repeated postponements, and Haiti missed the constitutionally-mandated presidential inauguration date of 7 February 2006.

Geography | Haiti

Location: | Caribbean, western one-third of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of the Dominican Republic
Geographic coordinates: | 19 00 N, 72 25 W
Map references: | Central America and the Caribbean
Area: | total: 27,750 sq km land: 27,560 sq km water: 190 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries: | total: 360 km border countries: Dominican Republic 360 km
Coastline: | 1,771 km
Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: to depth of exploitation
Climate: | tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
Terrain: | mostly rough and mountainous
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Chaine de la Selle 2,680 m
Natural resources: | bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower
Land use: | arable land: 28.11% permanent crops: 11.53% other: 60.36% (2005)
Irrigated land: | 750 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues: | extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land is being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion; inadequate supplies of potable water
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes
Geography - note: | shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic (western one-third is Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic)

People | Haiti

Population: | 8,308,504 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2006 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 42.4% (male 1,770,523/female 1,749,853) 15-64 years: 54.2% (male 2,201,957/female 2,301,886) 65 years and over: 3.4% (male 125,298/female 158,987) (2006 est.)
Median age: | total: 18.2 years male: 17.8 years female: 18.6 years (2006 est.)
Population growth rate: | 2.3% (2006 est.)
Birth rate: | 36.44 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Death rate: | 12.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Net migration rate: | -1.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 71.65 deaths/1,000 live births male: 78.01 deaths/1,000 live births female: 65.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 53.23 years male: 51.89 years female: 54.6 years (2006 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 4.94 children born/woman (2006 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 5.6% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 280,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 24,000 (2003 est.)
Nationality: | noun: Haitian(s) adjective: Haitian
Ethnic groups: | black 95%, mulatto and white 5%
Religions: | Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), none 1%, other 3% note: roughly half of the population practices Voodoo
Languages: | French (official), Creole (official)
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 52.9% male: 54.8% female: 51.2% (2003 est.)

Government | Haiti

Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Haiti conventional short form: Haiti local long form: Republique d'Haiti local short form: Haiti
Government type: | elected government
Capital: | Port-au-Prince
Administrative divisions: | 9 departments (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite, Centre, Grand 'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est
Independence: | 1 January 1804 (from France)
National holiday: | Independence Day, 1 January (1804)
Constitution: | approved March 1987; suspended June 1988 with most articles reinstated March 1989; in October 1991, government claimed to be observing the constitution; returned to constitutional rule in October 1994
Legal system: | based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: Interim President Boniface ALEXANDRE (since 29 February 2004) note: Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE resigned as president on 29 February 2004; ALEXANDRE, as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, constitutionally succeeded Aristide head of government: Interim Prime Minister Gerald LATORTUE (since 12 March 2004), chosen by extraconstitutional Council of Eminent Persons representing cross-section of political and civic interests cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in February 2006); prime minister appointed by the president, ratified by the National Assembly election results: Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE elected president; percent of vote - Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 92%
Legislative branch: | bicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale consists of the Senate (27 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms; one-third elected every two years) and the Chamber of Deputies (83 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - the National Assembly stopped functioning in January 2004 when the terms of all deputies and two-thirds of sitting senators expired; no replacements have been elected; the president is currently ruling by decree elections: Senate - last held for two-thirds of seats 21 May 2000 with runoffs on 9 July boycotted by the opposition; seven seats still disputed; election for remaining one-third held on 26 November 2000 (next to be held in 2005); Chamber of Deputies - last held 21 May 2000 with runoffs on 30 July boycotted by the opposition; one vacant seat rerun 26 November 2000 (next to be held in November 2005) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FL 26, independent 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FL 73, MOCHRENA 3, PLB 2, OPL 1, vacant 1, other minor parties and independents 3
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Cour de Cassation
Political parties and leaders: | Alliance for the Liberation and Advancement of Haiti or ALAH [Reynold GEORGES]; Assembly of Progressive National Democrats or RDNP [Leslie MANIGAT]; Ayiti Kapab [Ernst VERDIEU]; Convention for Democratic Unity or KID [Evans PAUL]; Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Haiti or MODELH [Francois LATORTUE]; Grand Center Right Front coalition (composed of MDN, MRN, and PDCH) [Hubert de RONCERAY, Jean BUTEAU, Osner FEVRY and Marie-Denise CLAUDE]; Haitian Christian Democratic Party or PDCH [Osner FEVRY and Marie-Denise CLAUDE]; Haitian Democratic and Reform Movement or MODEREH [Dany TOUSSAINT and Pierre Soncon PRINCE]; Haitian Democratic Party or PADEMH [Clark PARENT]; Heads Together [Dr. Gerard BLOT]; Lavalas Family or FL [leader NA]; Liberal Party of Haiti or PLH [Michael MADSEN]; Mobilization for National Development or MDN [Hubert DE RONCERAY]; Movement for National Reconstruction or MRN [Jean Henold BUTEAU]; Movement for the Installation of Democracy in Haiti or MIDH [Marc BAZIN]; National Congress of Democratic Movements or KONAKOM [Victor BENOIT]; National Front for the Reconstruction of Haiti or FRON [Guy PHILIPPE]; National Progressive Democratic Party or PNDPH [Turneb DELPE]; Nationalist Progressive Revolutionary Party or PANPRA [Serge GILLES]; New Christian Movement for a New Haiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]; Open the Gate Party (Parti Louvri Bayre) or PLB [leader NA]; Popular Party for the Renewal of Haiti, or Generation 2000 [Claude ROMAIN and Daniel SUPPLICE]; Struggling People's Organization or OPL [Edgard LEBLANC]; MNP28 [Dejean BELIZAIRE]; KOMBA [Evans LESCOUFLAIR]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | Autonomous Organizations of Haitian Workers or CATH [Fignole ST-CYR]; Confederation of Haitian Workers or CTH; Federation of Workers Trade Unions or FOS; Group of 184 Civil Society Organization, or G-184 [Andy APAID]; National Popular Assembly or APN; Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP [Chavannes JEAN-BAPTISTE]; Popular Organizations Gathering Power or PROP; Roman Catholic Church; Protestant Federation of Haiti
International organization participation: | ACCT, ACP, Caricom, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, MIGA, OAS, OIF, OPANAL, OPCW (signatory), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Raymond JOSEPH (as of November 2004) chancery: 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-4090 FAX: [1] (202) 745-7215 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Timothy M. CARNEY embassy: 5 Harry S Truman Boulevard, Port-au-Prince mailing address: P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince telephone: [509] 222-0200 FAX: [509] 223-9038
Flag description: | two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength)

Economy | Haiti

Economy - overview: | In this poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, 80% of the population lives in abject poverty. Two-thirds of all Haitians depend on the agriculture sector, mainly small-scale subsistence farming, and remain vulnerable to damage from frequent natural disasters, exacerbated by the country's widespread deforestation. The economy grew 1.5% in 2005, the highest growth rate since 1999. Haiti suffers from rampant inflation, a lack of investment, and a severe trade deficit. In early 2005, Haiti paid its arrears to the World Bank, paving the way for reengagement with the Bank. The government is reliant on formal international economic assistance for fiscal sustainability. Remittances are the primary source of foreign exchange, equaling nearly a quarter of GDP in 2005.
GDP (purchasing power parity): | $12.85 billion (2005 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): | $4.321 billion (2005 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 1.5% (2005 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): | $1,600 (2005 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 28% industry: 20% services: 52% (2004 est.)
Labor force: | 3.6 million note: shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1995)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture 66%, industry 9%, services 25%
Unemployment rate: | widespread unemployment and underemployment; more than two-thirds of the labor force do not have formal jobs (2002 est.)
Population below poverty line: | 80% (2003 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 15.2% (2005 est.)
Investment (gross fixed): | 27.4% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $400 million expenditures: $600.8 million; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.)
Agriculture - products: | coffee, mangoes, sugarcane, rice, corn, sorghum; wood
Industries: | sugar refining, flour milling, textiles, cement, light assembly industries based on imported parts
Industrial production growth rate: | NA%
Electricity - production: | 546 million kWh (2003)
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 60.3% hydro: 39.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption: | 507.8 million kWh (2003)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2003)
Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2003)
Oil - production: | 0 bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 11,800 bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA bbl/day
Oil - imports: | NA bbl/day
Natural gas - production: | 0 cu m (2003 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: | 0 cu m (2003 est.)
Current account balance: | $34.08 million (2005 est.)
Exports: | $390.7 million f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Exports - commodities: | manufactures, coffee, oils, cocoa, mangoes
Exports - partners: | US 81.2%, Dominican Republic 7.3%, Canada 4.1% (2004)
Imports: | $1.471 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Imports - commodities: | food, manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, raw materials
Imports - partners: | US 34.8%, Netherlands Antilles 18%, Malaysia 5.1%, Colombia 4.7% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $95.26 million (2005 est.)
Debt - external: | $1.3 billion (2005 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: | $153 million (FY05 est.)
Currency (code): | gourde (HTG)
Currency code: | HTG
Exchange rates: | gourdes per US dollar - 40.449 (2005), 38.352 (2004), 42.367 (2003), 29.251 (2002), 24.429 (2001)
Fiscal year: | 1 October - 30 September

Communications | Haiti

Telephones - main lines in use: | 140,000 (2004)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 400,000 (2004)
Telephone system: | general assessment: domestic facilities barely adequate; international facilities slightly better domestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay trunk service international: country code - 509; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 41, FM 26, shortwave 0 (1999)
Radios: | 415,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: | 2 (plus a cable TV service) (1997)
Televisions: | 38,000 (1997)
Internet country code: | .ht
Internet hosts: | 3 (2005)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 3 (2000)
Internet users: | 500,000 (2005)

Transportation | Haiti

Airports: | 12 (2005)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2005)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 7 (2005)
Roadways: | total: 4,160 km paved: 1,011 km unpaved: 3,149 km (1999)
Ports and terminals: | Cap-Haitien

Military | Haiti

Military branches: | the regular Haitian Armed Forces (FAdH) - Army, Navy, and Air Force - have been demobilized but still exist on paper unless they are constitutionally abolished
Military service age and obligation: | 18 years of age for voluntary recruitment into the police force (2001)
Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 1,626,491 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 948,320 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males: 98,554 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $25.96 million (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 0.9% (2003 est.)

Transnational Issues | Haiti

Disputes - international: | since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeing economic privation and civil unrest continue to cross into the Dominican Republic and sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa Island
Illicit drugs: | Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to the US and Europe; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Haiti for illicit financial transactions; pervasive corruption

This page was last updated on 29 March, 2006