This is a special GNU edition of V.E.R.A., a list dealing with computational acronyms.

Copyright © 1993/2002 Oliver Heidelbach

<ohei [at] snafu . de>

<ohei [at] snafu de>

Please send corrections to Oliver Heidelbach <ohei [at] snafu . de>.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU FDL''.

Within the above restrictions the distribution of this document is explicitly encouraged and I hope you'll find it of some value.

This dictionary has nothing to do with Systems Science Inc. or its products.

V.E.R.A. --- Virtual Entity of Relevant Acronyms

0.   A.   B.   C.   D.

E.   F.   G.   H.   I.

J.   K.   L.   M.   N.

O.   P.   Q.   R.   S.

T.   U.   V.   W.   X.

Y.   Z.

To search for an acronym type s ^ACRONYM.

Edition 1.9 (Texinfo)
Released June 2002

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About...
********

V.E.R.A. --- Virtual Entity of Relevant Acronyms

V.E.R.A. is a free list of acronyms all of which are used in the field of computing.

V.E.R.A. is primarily meant to be used as an online reference, although some efforts have been taken to make its TeX output looking acceptable.  However I doubt that somebody would like to print it.  The original release compiled to 250 pages.

This edition is a special contribution to the GNU project similar to the version 6.0 of V.E.R.A.  It contains approximately 9203 acronyms.

The idea to make V.E.R.A. available in Texinfo format came after reading two other Info files both of which are available on the Internet, the Standards and the Languages file, both dealing with antique DEC mainframe environments and both distributed stand-alone; that is, both are not serving as a software manual like most of Texinfo files. I thought it would be very handy to have a list of acronyms available while using Emacs.

It may be considered only a very little contribution.  However I make it to express my appreciation for the GNU project and its philosophy.  This project does not only make software available free to everyone, it also seems that it sets the only standard `everyone' supports nowadays.

I started V.E.R.A. around easter 1993.  The ASCII version is being posted to the German=speaking newsgroups z-netz.alt.listen and de.etc.lists every three months.  It is not being posted to an international newsgroup, because the introduction as well as many internal references are only available in German.

Please note that the original version of V.E.R.A. is not related to the to the Free Software Foundation or the GNU project at all.

The list is far from being complete as dozens of new acronyms evolve every month.  Also I am not an every day Unix user, so I am pretty sure that a lot of acronyms from the Unix world are missing.  The same is true for the Apple world.  Please don't be angry if your field of computing seems little or not represented at all. Instead please consider contributing the missing acronyms to let other people share what you know.

The shift from the original format of V.E.R.A. to Texinfo format took a whole week.  Please forgive any errors which still remain.  For hints how to submit corrections or to report bugs, please see History.

For a more in-depth discussion of some of the more common acronyms contained in this document you may want to consider visiting the Free Online Dictionary of Computing (FOLDOC), at least if you have access to the World Wide Web.  It can be found at http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc (as of June 2001).

List format
***********

V.E.R.A. --- Virtual Entity of Relevant Acronyms

Some notes on the systematic approach of the acronym list:

Because often acronyms are being referenced not very unique in style, the acronyms in V.E.R.A. do not contain any special characters; only characters and numbers are used.  Please remember this, when you are searching for acronyms.

German umlauts are expressed with AE, ae, OE, oe, UE, ue and ss.

Examples:

ASN.1 = ASN1

OS/2 = OS2

DFUE, Foerderung, Grossforschungseinrichtung, ...

What is thought to be the common style can be found at the end of the line(s) in quotation marks.

Examples:

ASN1
     Abstract Syntax Notation One (OSI), "ASN.1"

ATT
     American Telephone and Telegraph, "AT&T"

Style of the acronym expansions
===============================

The acronym expansions basically follow their acronyms in style. Exceptions are made if expansions are containing acronyms themselves. This often leads to an kind of odd or even wrong orthographical style.

Examples:

AUX
     Apple UniX, "A/UX"

XT
     eXtended Technology

ACL
     Advanced CMOS Logic

Alternative expansions
======================

If alternative expansions for the same acronym are known these are separated by a slash.  However that is not true for acronyms of basically different meanings.

Examples:

AE
     Apple Events

AE
     Application Entity / Environment / Engineering (APE)

Additional explanations
=======================

Terms in square brackets show additional explanations, of which do not directly belong to the acronym's expansion, but rather to the acronym's meaning.

Examples:

ARM
     Annotated [c++] Reference Manual

RLL
     Run Length Limited [encoding]

Reference tags for acronyms
===========================

The terms in parenthesis which often appear behind the expansions are reference links to certain topics or firms and should help you to get an idea of in which context an acronym is being used.

Examples:

WB
     WorkBench (Amiga)

WYSIWYG
     What You See Is What You Get (DTP)

Please note that the original version of V.E.R.A. is meant to be formatted in a hypertext environment.  Thus some references may seem redundant in an environment which does not support such links.

Examples:

API
     Application Program Interface (API)

Concatenated acronyms
=====================

Often-used concatenated acronyms appear without the space or any special characters between them.

Examples:

AMTPE
     Apple Media Tool Programming Environment (Apple), "AMT PE"

RISCOS
     RISC Operating System (Acorn), "RISC OS"

Acronyms pointing to versions
=============================

When there is a series of related acronyms differing by a number at the end, V.E.R.A. usually has just one entry, which omits the number.  For example, there are many versions of MNP (Microcom Networking Protocol), distinguished by numbers; but we do not list MNP4, MNP5 or MNP10, only MNP.

So if you look for an acronym that ends in a number, and you don't find it, try leaving out the number(s).

File extensions
===============

Please note that file extensions are not covered by V.E.R.A. at the moment, although some exceptions were made. You will not find things like EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) or GIF (Graphics Interchange Format).

There are many such lists on the Internet if you should be looking for file extensions.

Gaps
====

You will probably notice that some acronym expansions or references are tagged with three question marks (???).  This indicates that an expansion or reference is still missing or uncertain.

Acronym
*******

An acronym is a word derived from the initial letters or groups of letters of several other words.

Popular examples are:

Laser, from "(l)ight (a)mplification by (s)timulated (e)mission of (r)adiation", Radar, from "(ra)dio (d)etecting (a)nd (r)anging" or snafu, which should politely be rendered as "(s)ituation (n)ormal, (a)ll (f)ouled (u)p".

The word acronym itself derives from the Greek words akros "the highest, the most outer" and onyma "name".

Please note that acronyms are always pronounced as the spelling indicates.

History and other useful information
************************************

V.E.R.A. --- Virtual Entity of Relevant Acronyms

Version 6.0 (June 2002)

Version 6.0 (Texinfo release 1.9) contains about 289 acronyms more than the last release. Now V.E.R.A. knows about 9203 acronyms.

Fixed some formatting bugs which had accumulated. Thanks for reporting those.

There has been a request to add a 'README' file to the distribution. I added one.

Also added a Perl search routine for V.E.R.A. from Andres Soolo <soolo [at] math . ut . ee>. You will find it in  the ./contrib directory of the distribution. For bug reports please contact Andres.

Version 5.8 (December 2001)

Version 5.8 (Texinfo release 1.8) contains about 426 acronyms more than the last release. Now V.E.R.A. knows about 8914 acronyms.

Version 5.5 (March 2001)

Version 5.5 (Texinfo release 1.7) contains about 320 acronyms more than the last release. Now V.E.R.A. knows about 8440 acronyms.

There had been no update of the GNU version for nearly a year, which was mostly due to the lack of significant increase of acronyms.

Please note that this is the first GNU edition of V.E.R.A. to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License.

Please also note that Bob Hilliard <hilliard [at] debian . org> now maintains the Debian vera package as well as the dict-* packages for the Debian GNU/LINUX distribution.

Version 5.2 (June 2000)

Welcome to the first GNU edition of V.E.R.A. in the year 100, eh, I mean 1900+100 :)

Version 5.2 (Texinfo release 1.6) contains about 500 acronyms more than the last release. Now V.E.R.A. knows about than 8119 acronyms.

There had been no update of the GNU version for over a year, which was mostly due to the lack of significant increase of acronyms.

Thanks to all the supporters, some of which did send huge lists with new acronyms.

Version 4.7 (March 1999)

Version 4.7 (Texinfo release 1.5) contains about 100 acronyms more than the last release. Now V.E.R.A. knows about than 7592 acronyms.

Corrected a bug in my script to replace german comments with the according english terms which led to the comment brackets being deleted in every line touched by it.

Version 4.6 (December 1998)

Version 4.6 had not been released as Texinfo version, because there was no significant increase in the count of acronyms.

Version 4.5 (September 1998)

Version 4.5 (Texinfo release 1.4) contains about 90 acronyms more than the last release. Now V.E.R.A. knows about than 7490 acronyms.

I also received a lot of spelling corrections for the acronym expansions as well as for the text of this Texinfo release. Thanks to the submitters.

Version 4.4 (June 1998)

Version 4.4 (Texinfo release 1.3) contains about 250 acronyms more than the last release. Now V.E.R.A. knows about more than 7400 acronyms.

Version 4.2 had accidently been released containing ISO 8859-1 characters. I received no complaints, but I believe not everyone can display these characters as meant to be, so I switched back to 7 bit with this version.

Recently V.E.R.A. ran into copyright/trademark problems. It's unbelievable how small the name space in the computer field went over the years. To give you an example there are acronyms in this list which have five or more different meanings. However Systems Science Inc. agreed to solve the problem by including the following sentence into the distribution: "This dictionary has nothing to do with Systems Science Inc. or its products." Please don't wonder if you surprisingly run into this sentence.

Version 4.3 (March 1998)

I found no time to release V.E.R.A. 4.3 as Texinfo version in March 1998 as I was busy with other things. As compiling the Texinfo version is always additional work to do, I thought of to spare the March version and release the next Texinfo version on the next release date (June, 1st).

Version 4.2

Version 4.2 contains about 180 acronyms more than the last release. I also received a mail from the folks who maintain the GNU catalogue. This may mean that V.E.R.A. will be included on the GNU CD-ROM distribution, but I'm not sure.

Version 4.1 (December 1997)

Version 4.1 contains about 500 acronyms more than the initial release. Now V.E.R.A. knows about more than 7000 acronyms.

Besides I wrote a script which automagically translates the German references sometimes to be found behind the acronym expansions in the original version of V.E.R.A. into the appropriate English terms. It also adds `Germany' to German locations. However I still may have missed some German terms or locations. It is kind of awful to proof-read 7000 acronym expansions. If you still spot German terms in the references, please let me know about.

Installation as Info file

If you like to install V.E.R.A. in your Info environment, there are three steps to do so:

 1. Make an Info file from the Texinfo source, type:

     makeinfo vera.texi

     (The file extension may differ in your environment.)

 2. Copy the files generated by the previous step to the directory where the Info files reside on your site.

 3. Go to your Info directory and edit the dir file. Insert a line like the following where appropriate.

     * V.E.R.A.:  (vera).        Virtual Entity of Relevant Acronyms

Bugs

This edition of V.E.R.A. has been translated from German and has not been intensively proofread.  Please report bugs concerning the use of broken or unsound English used in this document to the current maintainer of this document.

If you spot any faults in the acronym chapters, these will be considered a bug too.  Please report those bugs to the current maintainer of this document.

Call for submissions

This acronym list is not and will never be complete.  However if you feel that something particular is missing, please submit it to the current maintainer.  Your submission will be included in the next edition of V.E.R.A.

Current maintainer

The current maintainer of this document is

Oliver Heidelbach <ohei [at] snafu . de>

Acknowledgments
***************

V.E.R.A. --- Virtual Entity of Relevant Acronyms

The following people contributed to this document:

(In order to block spam-robots all @ have been replaced with #.)

     peterk#cbmger.de.so.commodore.com
     Wolfgang Houben <castor#newswire.de>
     Hans Fischer <profi#romeo.berlinet.de>
     Harald Welte <h.welte#silver.nbg.sub.org>
     a.lessmann#link-k.zer
     Rainer Frohnhoff <r.frohnhoff#aworld.zer>
     Marcus Cai Degler <m.c.degler#ithh.sh.sub.de>
     Sven van der Meer <vdmeer#cs.tu-berlin.de>
     elmar#peggy.e-technik.uni-dortmund.de
     Patrick Hess <patrick.hess#metazoa.de>
     Hans-Georg Forster <h.g.forster#parabol.cl.sub.de>
     thahn#berg93.in-berlin.de
     jochen#wip.mhs.compuserve.com
     Stefan Rinne <s_rinne#trashcan.mcnet.de>
     Wolfgang Kopp <kopp#naranek.camelot.de>
     ismias#wi.uni-muenster.de
     smendoza#yeti.dit.upm.es
     tms#dame.shnet.org
     Alexander Senne <akki#terra-i.rhein-ruhr.de>
     Frank Schlueter <frs#frs.in-berlin.de>
     Frank-Th. Bonnemeyer <Frank-Thomas.Bonnemeyer#eds.com>
     Olaf Naumann <amandus#esrf.fr>
     Keith Edgerley <edgerley#ebu.ch>
     Kristian Koehntopp <kk#netuse.de>
     Andreas Kempf <Andreas_Kempf#sidoun.go.germany-online.de>
     Thomas Rexroth <100414.42#compuserve.com>
     Christoph Lechner <Lechner#edvz.uni-linz.ac.at>
     Timothy Slater <t.slater#link-m.de>
     J.P. Lodge <jpl1#doc.ic.ac.uk>
     Andre Torrez <andre#frontside.com>
     Jeff Jewell <jcjewell#concentric.net>
     Peter H. Wendt <phw#compunet.de>
     Rene Caspersen <rene#sondagsavisen.dk>
     Carsten Schymik <cschy#zedat.fu-berlin.de>
     Noah Friedman <friedman#splode.com>
     Robert Bihlmeyer <robbe#orcus.priv.at>
     Matt Hillman <dhillman#netgate.net>
     Claude Gingras <CGingras#telebec.qc.ca>
     David Frewen <a-davfre#microsoft.com>
     Thorsten 'thh' Hempel <thh#valis.netestate.de>
     Bruno Haible <haible#ilog.fr>
     Andreas Waibel <Andreas.Waibel#studbox.uni-stuttgart.de>
     Martin Zierke <Martin.Zierke#gaia.de>
     Leonard <acmeman#myriad.net>
     Otto Stolz <Otto.Stolz#uni-konstanz.de>
     Wolfgang Borgert
     Stefan Hackebeil <stefan#hackebeil.l.uunet.de>
     Wolf Ivo Lademann <wil#kiel.netsurf.de>
     Werner Henze <beinhart#cs.tu-berlin.de>
     Kai Reese <reese#tecs.de>
     John L. Sokol <sokol#livecam.com>
     Guy Dumais <dumais#rgl.polymtl.ca>
     Gerhard Moeller <Gerhard.Moeller#offis.uni-oldenburg.de>
     Mike Moxcey <mmoxcey#email.aphis.usda.gov>
     Marco Koering <Marco.Koering#swisscom.com>
     Olaf Columbus <Olaf.Columbus#nortel-dasa.de>
     Craig Menefee <cmenefee#cwia.com>
     Kevin L. Burns <kburns#cogswell.edu>
     Timm Cordes <tc#Informatik.TU-Cottbus.DE>
     Thomas Ludwig <thomas_ludwig#hotmail.com>
     Torsten Halter <halter#prokom1.gg.uunet.de>
     Dr. Stephan Buehne <SBUEHNE#DE.oracle.com>
     H. Kronenberg <kronenberg#imst.de>
     Darren Baker <dbaker#tcon.net>
     Heiko Degenhardt <Heiko.Degenhardt#rz.tu-ilmenau.de>
     Simon Conti <sconti#dircon.co.uk>
     Mac Schwarz <mac#phil.uni-erlangen.de>
     Sven Heidelbach <Sven.Heidelbach#RegTP.de>
     Nicholas Stallard <Snowy#nsstalla.dialup.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de>
     Patrick Wibbeler pwibbele#Adobe.COM>
     Bastian Schick <elw5basc#gp.fht-esslingen.de>
     davint <davint#gensw.com>
     'The Lonegunmen' <tlgm#hamburg.crosswinds.net>
     Tim <directorSPAMMENOT#sympatico.ca>
     Daniel Lynde <Daniel.Lynde#Gateway.com>
     Jens Abromeit <jens.abromeit#tcpip-gmbh.de>
     Albrecht Schmiedel <atms#alibi.in-berlin.de>
     Joachim Nerz <nerz#rz.uni-mannheim.de>
     Prognos M. Voedisch <Michael.Voedisch#prognos.com>
     Peter A.Henning <P.Henning#FH-Karlsruhe.de>
     Ricardo Linden <rlinden#gotec.com.br>
     Robert Klemme <klemme#unity.de>
     Axel Kielhorn <A.Kielhorn#tu-bs.de>
     Mark Heitbrink <m.heitbrink#kamas.de>
     Philipp Steinau <Philipp.Steinau#gmx.de>
     Pressman AS/400 <STEVE.GIBSON#PRESSMAN-TOY.COM>
     Uwe Borchert <borchert#informatik.unibw-muenchen.de>
     Georg Oehl <oehlg#yahoo.com>
     Thomas Rohde <thomas.rohde#ecrc.de>
     Will <broly#online1.magnus1.com>
     Knut Kuelsen <Knut_K#kuelsen.de>
     Rene Ermler <rene.ermler#informatik.stud.uni-erlangen.de>
     Brian Hines <bhines#ppl.plesman.com>
     Tomasz Wegrzanowski <maniek#beer.com>
     Martin Mueller <martin.mueller#iuct.fhg.de>
     Florian Laws <florian#void.s.bawue.de>
     Adam Goode <adam#myrealbox.com>
     Henning Jonat <henningjonat#home.com>
     Norbert Zuber <zbx#topmail.de>
     Eckard Wolff Postler <Eckard.Wolff-Postler#Gtsgroup.com>
     Tomasz Wegrzanowski <maniek#beer.com>
     Jennifer <jenluk#chickmail.com>
     Nils <otott.buerotechnik#t-online.de>
     Ernst-Guenter Giessmann <ErnstG.Giessmann#telekom.de>
     Andreas Krause <akrause#nef.wh.uni-dortmund.de>
     j l <jenluk#chickmail.com>
     Carsten Leonhardt <leo#debian.org>
     Robert D. Hilliard <hilliard#debian.org>
     Nils Rennebarth <nils#ipe.uni-stuttgart.de>
     Michael Schmitz <michael.schmitz#e-trend.de>
     Kerstin Assmus <praktika#bechtle.de>
     Michael Vielhaber <michael.vielhaber#fh-hof.de>
     Martin Biallas <martin#mbiallas.de>
     Joachim Ayasse <Joachim_Ayasse#genua.de>
     Arvind Mollin <amollin#cisco.com>
     Michael Ruehr <Michael.Ruehr#blb.de>
     Stefan Westerkamp <Stefan.Westerkamp#ger.sas.com>
     Nils Herzog <Nils.Herzog#DERTOUR.DE>
     Thomas Lack <lack#nexgo.de>
     Andreas Mock <A.Mock#tuvit.de>
     Volker Brune-Flueh <bruneflue#solutionline.com>
     Thimo Koenig <thimo.konig#evidian.com>
     Jim Scarborough <jims#iname.com>
     Falk Hauke <falk.hauke#gmx.de>
     Patrick Cowan <patrick#fifthera.com>
     Tomasz Wegrzanowski <taw#users.sourceforge.net>
     Christoph Probst <chris#cprobst.de>
     Tim Bannister <isoma#compsoc.man.ac.uk>
     Lutz Hohaus <lutz.hohaus#ruhr-uni-bochum.de>
     Ingo Maurer <ingo#maurer.net>
     Gerhard Brosig <Gerhard_Brosig#genua.de>
     Alois Reisinger <reisi#reisi.com>
     Brian Wolf/Dayacorp <brian.wolf.613#mindspring.com>
     Steven Duhon <SDuhon#mpea.com>
     <Philphillips28#aol.com>
     Axel Veil <Axel.Veil#mediaways.net>
     Tobias Ueberwasser <tobias.ueberwasser#cerberus.ch>
     Karsten Huppert <ed.treppuh-netsrak#karsten-huppert.de>
     Felix Schindele <zhamara#atheist.com>
     Klaus Juettermann <Klaus.Juttermann#sitel.de>
     Cecilie Rise <cecilie.rise#sbb.at>
     Jeff Orrok <jeff#rt.com>
     Ingo Russmann <ingo#linus.net-market.de>
     John E. Hein <jhein#timing.com>
     Christian Brandau <christian#cbra.de>
     Ben Armstrong <synrg#sanctuary.nslug.ns.ca>
     Matthias Kring <automatthias#web.de>
     Matthias Hinnah <mhinnah#deloitte.de>
     Axel Hornung <A.Hornung#ASC.DE>
     Jakob Hirsch <jh#plonk.de>
     Matt Zimmerman <mdz#csh.rit.edu>
     Stephan Boldt <Stephan.Boldt#epost.de>
     Pekka Lampila <medar#kapina.org>
     Maurice Leone <Leone.Maurice#swm.de>
     Michel Messerschmidt <9messers#informatik.uni-hamburg.de>
     Chong Yidong <yidong#stanford.edu>

     About 200 acronyms dealing with the ATM subject were taken
     from the online collection of the ATM forum.
     By courtesy of ATM forum.

     Another batch of acronyms was taken from the freely available
     acronym collection "Internet Perls 22" (iperls22.zip).
     By courtesy of William Hogg <wmhogg#execpc.com>.

     A lot of military related acronyms as well as several others
     were taken from the online collection of the DISA Center for
     Standards.
     By courtesy of DISA Center for Standards.

Thanks to all of them and everybody who should be missing by accident.

Also thanks to the following people:

Richard M. Stallman

For his encouraging words to get this edition done and some comments on how a Texinfo file should be formatted. Also for the efforts taken to deal with the Systems Science Inc. copyright/trademark incident in April 1998.

Horst von Brand <vonbrand#sleipnir.valparaiso.cl>

For pointing to the inconsistency between the file name in @setfilename (upper case) and the suggested info entry (lower case).

Ricard Torres <root#tamino.udg.es>

For pointing to some Un*x install problems in release 1.3.

Carsten Leonhardt <leo#arioch.oche.de>

For sending in a lot of spelling corrections for the text of release 1.3. It were 17 if I counted right. What a shame.

H. Kronenberg <kronenberg#imst.de>

For submitting numerous spelling corrections for acronym expansions.

Henning Jonat <henningjonat#home.com>

For sending a long list with acronym expansions which were still missing.

Alexander Mai <st002279#hrzpub.tu-darmstadt.de>

For pointing out a left over ISO character my replacing routine had ignored and for suggesting to add a 'README' file to the distributon.

Andres Soolo <soolo#math.ut.ee>

For contributing a Perl search routine for V.E.R.A.

Disclaimer
**********

V.E.R.A. --- Virtual Entity of Relevant Acronyms

This is a special GNU edition of V.E.R.A., a list dealing with computational acronyms. It is currently maintained by Oliver Heidelbach <ohei [at] snafu . de>.

Although V.E.R.A. has been corrected and worked over for quite a long time, no guarantee can be given for the correctness of any part of its contents.  Please don't get it wrong and help to correct any faults you may find.

Please send corrections to the current maintainer.

The author suggests not to redistribute corrected versions of this document, but instead to inform the actual maintainer about corrections you might have.  This would help not to confuse users because of different versions.

For a complete legal disclaimer please read GNU FDL.

Within the above restrictions the distribution of this document is explicitly encouraged and I hope you'll find it of some value.

Please note that another version of V.E.R.A. exists, which is not related to the GNU project.

This dictionary has nothing to do with Systems Science Inc. or its products.

Oliver Heidelbach (original author)

<ohei [at] snafu . de>, <ohei [de] snafu . de>

Copyright © 1993/2002

     [file fdl.texi not included]