The type attribute on linguistic segment categories can be used to provide additional interpretative information about the category. The function attribute on the cl and phr elements can be used to provide additional information about the function of the category. Legal values for these two attributes are not defined by these Guidelines, but should be documented in the segmentation element of the encodingDesc element within the document's header. A general approach to the encoding of linguistic categories assigned to parts of a text is discussed in section below.

Using traditional terminology, these attributes provide a convenient way of specifying, for example, that the clause from whence it came is a relative clause modifying another, or that the phrase by the U.S. Supreme Court is a prepositional post-modifier: It mattered not from whence it came; the year segregation was outlawed by the U.S. Supreme Court. ]]>

Segmentation into clauses and phrases can, of course, be combined. To make such encodings easier to read, the segmentation tags can begin new lines, and be indented according to their degree of nesting, thus: Nineteen fifty-four, when I was eighteen years old , is held to be a crucial turning point in the history of the Afro-American --- for the U.S.A. as a whole --- the year segregation was outlawed by the U.S. Supreme Court . It was also a crucial year for me because on June 18, 1954, I began serving a sentence in state prison for possession of marijuana . ]]>

This style of markup, however, introduces spurious new lines and blanks into the text, which could make restoring the text to its original layout problematic. If the original layout is important, the original line breaks and font shifts should be recorded using lb elements, the global rend attribute, etc.

The w, m and c elements are also identical in meaning to the seg element with a type attribute of w, m, or c, and may occur wherever seg is permitted to occur. However, they have more restricted content models than does seg: for example, the w element can only contain w, m and c elements, and parsed character data; the m element can only contain c elements and parsed character data; the c element can only contain parsed character data, and should in fact only contain a single character. Consequently, while m et al. can be translated directly into typed seg elements, the reverse is not necessarily the case.

The restriction on the content of the w attribute in particular requires that a certain care must be exercised when using it, especially in relation to the use of other tags that one may think of as word level, but which are in fact defined as phrase level. Consider the problem of segmenting an occurrence of the mentioned element as a word. grandiloquent ]]> The first of the following two encodings is legitimate; the second is not, since the mentioned element is not part of the content model of the w element: grandiloquent grandiloquent ]]>

On the other hand, both of the following encodings are legitimate: grandiloquent speech grandiloquent speech ]]> The first encoding describes the citing of a phrase. The second describes a phrase which consists of something mentioned.

The w and m attributes carry additional attributes which may be of use in many indexing or analytic applications. The lemma attribute may be used to specify the lemma, that is the head- or base- form of an inflected verb or noun, for example: timeo Danaos et dona ferentes ]]> Similarly, the baseform attribute may be specified for the m element, to indicate the base form of a transformed morpheme: com fort able ]]>

The w, m and c elements can be used together to give a fairly detailed low-level grammatical analysis of text. For example, consider the following segmentation of the English S-unit I didn't do it. I did n't do it . ]]>

This segmentation, crude as it is, succeeds in representing the idea that did occurs as a word inside the word didn't. A further advantage of segmenting the text down to this level is that it becomes relatively simple to associate each such segment with a more detailed formal analysis. This matter is taken up in detail in section .

The s, cl, phr, w, m, and c elements are formally declared as follows: ]]> Global Attributes for Simple Analyses

When the tag set described by this chapter is selected, an additional attribute is defined for all elements: ana indicates one or more elements containing interpretations of the element on which the ana attribute appears. The ana attribute may be specified for any SGML element. Its effect is to associate the element with one or more others representing an analysis or interpretation of it. Its target should be one of the elements described in the section below, or some other interpretative element such as note, on which see section or fs, on which see chapter .

The ana attribute is formally declared as follows: ]]> Spans and Interpretations

The simplest mechanisms for attaching analytic notes in some structured vocabulary to particular passages of text are provided by the empty span and interp elements, and their associated grouping elements spanGrp and interpGrp. span associates an interpretative annotation directly with a span of text. Attributes include: value identifies the specific phenomenon being annotated. from specifies the beginning of the passage being annotated; if not accompanied by a to attribute, then specifies the entire passage. to specifies the end of the passage being annotated. spanGrp collects together span tags. interp provides for an interpretative annotation which can be linked to a span of text. Attributes include: value identifies the specific phenomenon being annotated. interpGrp collects together interp tags.

These elements are all members of the class interpret, and thus share the following attributes: resp indicates who is responsible for the interpretation. type indicates what kind of phenomenon is being noted in the passage. Sample values include: theme identifies a theme in the passage. allusion identifies an allusion to another text. character identifies a character associated with the passage. (discourse type) specifies that the passage is of a particular discourse type. image identifies an image in the passage. inst points to instances of the analysis or interpretation represented by the current element.

The type and value attributes of the span and interp elements may be used to associate an interpretive name, type, and value with a specific stretch (or span) of text. In the case of the span element, the span of text being annotated is indicated by values of the from and to attributes, the value of each being a pointer. If the optional to attribute is omitted, the span consists just of the element pointed at by the obligatory from attribute. In the case of interp (see below), the span is indicated by a pointer from a link element or some similar mechanism. Here is an example of the span element. There was certainly a definite point at which the thing began. It was not; then it was suddenly inescapable, and nothing could have frightened it away. There was a slow integration, during which she, and the little animals, and the moving grasses, and the sun-warmed trees, and the slopes of shivering silvery mealies, and the great dome of blue light overhead, and the stones of earth under her feet, became one, shuddering together in a dissolution of dancing atoms. She felt the rivers under the ground forcing themselves pain­fully along her veins, swelling them out in an unbearable pressure; her flesh was the earth, and suffered growth like a ferment; and her eyes stared, fixed like the eye of the sun. Not for one second longer (if the terms for time apply) could she have borne it; but then, with a sudden movement forwards and out, the whole process stopped; and that was the moment which it was impossible to remember afterwards. For during that space of time (which was timeless) she understood quite finally her smallness, the unimportance of humanity.

The span element may, as in this example, be placed in the text near the textual span it is associated with, or it may be placed outside the text enclosed within a spanGrp element as follows. ]]> As may be seen, the type attribute may be omitted in order to associate a span of text simply with a descriptive name.

Spans may also be used to represent the structural divisions assigned to the narrative by an interpreter. Consider the following narrative:

Sigmund, the son of Volsung, was a king in Frankish country. Sinfiotli was the eldest of his sons, the second was Helgi, the third Hamund. Borghild, Sigmund's wife, had a brother named ---- But Sinfiotli, her stepson, and ---- both wooed the same woman and Sinfiotli killed him over it.The rule marks spaces left for the missing name in the manuscript. And when he came home, Borghild asked him to go away, but Sigmund offered her weregild, and she was obliged to accept it. At the funeral feast Borghild was serving beer. She took poison, a big drinking horn full, and brought it to Sinfiotli. When Sinfiotli looked into the horn, he saw that poison was in it, and said to Sigmund This drink is cloudy, old man. Sigmund took the horn and drank it off. It is said that Sigmund was hardy and that poison did him no harm, inside or out. And all his sons could tolerate poison on their skin. Borghild brought another horn to Sinfiotli, and asked him to drink, and everything happened as before. And a third time she brought him a horn, and reproachful words as well, if he didn't drink from it. He spoke again to Sigmund as before. He said Filter it through your mustache, son! Sinfiotli drank it off and at once fell dead.

Sigmund carried him a long way in his arms and came to a long, narrow fjord, and there was a small boat there and a man in it. He offered to ferry Sigmund over the fjord. But when Sigmund carried the body out to the boat, it was fully laden. The man said Sigmund should go around the fjord inland. The man pushed the boat out and then suddenly vanished.

King Sigmund lived a long time in Denmark in the kingdom of Borghild, after he married her. Then he went south to Frankish lands, to the kingdom he had there. Then he married Hiordis, the daughter of King Eylimi. Their son was Sigurd. King Sigmund fell in a battle with the sons of Hunding. And then Hiordis married Alf, the son of King Hialprec. Sigurd grew up there as a boy.

Sigmund and all his sons were tall and outstanding in their strength, their growth, their intelligence, and their accomplishments. But Sigurd was the most outstanding of all, and everyone who knows about the old days says he was the most outstanding of men and the noblest of all the warrior kings.

A structural analysis of this text, dividing it into narrative units in a pattern shared with other texts from the same literature, might look like this: Sigmund ... was a king in Frankish country. Sinfiotli was the eldest of his sons. Borghild, Sigmund's wife, had a brother ... But Sinfiotli ... wooed the same woman and Sinfiotli killed him over it. And when he came home, ... she was obliged to accept it. At the funeral feast Borghild was serving beer. She took poison ... and brought it to Sinfiotli. Sinfiotli drank it off and at once fell dead.

Sigmund carried him a long way in his arms ...

King Sigmund lived a long time in Denmark ...

Sigmund and all his sons were tall ...